Bitter Choices

Loyalty and Betrayal in the Russian Conquest of the North Caucasus

Michael Khodarkovsky

• Publisher: Cornell University Press
• Year: 2011
• Print ISBN: 9780801449727
• eBook ISBN: 9780801462900
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: Historical Biographies
• Index: History

Russia's attempt to consolidate its authority in the North Caucasus has exerted a terrible price on both sides since the mid-nineteenth century. Michael Khodarkovsky's book tells the story of a single man with multiple allegiances and provides a concise and compelling history of the mountainous region between the Black and Caspian seas. After forays beginning in the late 1500s, Russia tenuously conquered the peoples of the region in the 1850s; the campaign was defined by a cruelty on both sides that established a pattern repeated in our own time, particularly in Chechnya.

At the center of Khodarkovsky's sweeping account is Semen Atarshchikov (1807–1845). His father was a Chechen translator in the Russian army, and Atarshchikov grew up with roots in both Russian and Chechen cultures. His facility with local languages earned him quick promotion in the Russian army. Atarshchikov enjoyed the confidence of his superiors, yet he saw the violence that the Russians inflicted on the native population and was torn between his duties as a Russian officer and his affinity with the highlanders. Twice he deserted the army to join the highlanders in raids against his former colleagues. In the end he was betrayed by a compatriot who sought to gain favor with the Russians by killing the infamous Atarshchikov.

Khodarkovsky places Atarshchikov's life in a rich context: we learn a great deal about the region's geography, its peoples, their history, and their conflicts with both the Russians and one another. Khodarkovsky reveals disputes among the Russian commanders and the policies they advocated; some argued for humane approaches but always lost out to those who preferred more violent means. Like Hadji Murat—the hero of Tolstoy's last great work—Atarshchikov moved back and forth between Russian and local allegiances; his biography is the story of the North Caucasus, one as relevant today as in the nineteenth century.

Table of contents

• Maps
• Introduction
• 1. The Frontiers of the North Caucasus
• 2. Atarshchikov’s Childhood
• 3. Journey through the Northeast Caucasus
• 4. Inside Ermolov’s “Iron Fist”
• 5. St. Petersburg and Poland
• 6. Return to the North Caucasus
• 7. Interpreter and Administrator
• 8. Russian Policies and Alternatives
• 9. The First Desertion
• 10. From Semën Atarshchikov to Hajret Muhammed
• Conclusion
• Notes
• Glossary
• Bibliography