Challenging Inequalities

How We Got Stuck and Where We Go Next

Paul Johnson

• Publisher: Princeton University Press
• Year: 2026
• Print ISBN:
  9780691287164
  9780691283555
• eBook ISBN:
  9780691288703
• Topic: Social Sciences
• Subtopic: Economic History
• Index: Social Sciences

A comprehensive look at inequalities and why they matter

There is a widespread sense throughout the developed world that progress towards a better society has stalled. Many countries, including the UK, have experienced persistent economic stagnation accompanied by declining trust in institutions. Governments are struggling to respond not only to traditional economic problems but also to newer challenges posed by climate change, migration and technological change. Challenging Inequalities, written by Paul Johnson and coauthors, drawing on the findings of the six-year IFS Deaton Review, connects these conditions to inequality—inequality not just of income and wealth but of health, political participation and opportunity. It not only offers a detailed analysis of the different forms of inequalities but also an in-depth consideration of why inequalities matter, how they have changed and what can, or should, be done about them.

The book explains the enduring effects of early life experiences and education and examines the trends in employment and earnings over recent decades. It argues that economic stagnation since the financial crises of 2008–2009 has exposed inequalities originating in the 1980s. Not only have incomes stagnated, but so has progress towards reducing health inequalities and dealing with inequalities across gender, ethnicity, geography, age and educational level. The combination of earnings inequality and economic stagnation has led to the growing importance of wealth, the increasing concentration of economic power in an older generation and a decline in social mobility. Economic inequalities have also resulted directly in dangerous differences between regions and in political power across groups.

The need to address inequality has never been more urgent. Challenging Inequalities offers a road map for how we have arrived at such a perilous spot—and how we can change course to achieve better outcomes for all.

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Foreword
• The IFS Deaton Review Panel
• Acknowledgements
• 1. Why Inequality?
• 2. Why Does Inequality Matter?
• 3. Family, Education, and Opportunity
• 4. Stalling Progress in the Labour Market
• 5. Coming Apart
• 6. Where It All Ends Up
• 7. Conclusions
• Notes
• References
• Dimensions of Inequality: The IFS Deaton Review
• Index