Unlocking Justice

The Power of Data to Confront Inequity and Create Change

Chad M. Topaz

• Publisher: Princeton University Press
• Year: 2026
• Print ISBN:
  9780691276168
  9780691276151
• eBook ISBN:
  9780691276243
• Topic: Politics & International Relations
• Subtopic: Applied Mathematics
• Index: Politics & International Relations

How we can challenge social injustice—with data and humanity

The American legal system does not offer equal justice to all; we can see obvious racial disparities in sentencing, policing, and incarceration. In Unlocking Justice, Chad Topaz offers a concrete way forward, demonstrating how a candid dialogue between social justice and data science can empower communities, spark informed debate, and inspire advocacy. In addition to big ideas, Topaz brings the receipts—the data. Drawing on unedited police call logs, chaotic city websites, fragmented judicial records, and other overlooked sources, Topaz explains how social forces shape the data we collect, influencing whose voices are heard and whose remain unheard. From a rural New England town plagued by police misconduct to New York’s notorious Rikers Island jail, the stories Topaz tells demonstrate how numbers can expose injustice—and how data can underpin activism.

Topaz shows readers how to interpret data in context and question underlying assumptions, providing even those who might be math-averse with practical tools to challenge inequities. He takes readers through his own data science activism, including an examination of public judicial data that revealed the identities of judges who imposed excessive bail; a data-driven investigation of racial disparities in policing, prompted by a police station’s openly displayed portrait of Hitler; and an analysis of Florida’s controversial risk algorithm, COMPAS, for racial bias. The book’s “Show Your Work” companion website connects readers to data sources and the studies behind the stories. When we are armed with the facts and the numbers, Topaz assures us, we can all be effective advocates for transparency, accountability, and justice.

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface: Data Science and Social Justice
• 1. Introduction: The Light of Truth
• 2. Positionality: The Intricate Web of Subjectivity
• 3. Policing: Hitler’s Shadow in the Village Beautiful
• 4. Bail: The Cost of Discretion
• 5. Jail: Rikers, COVID, and the Three Races
• 6. Sentencing: What I Learned from Paul Manafort
• 7. Risk Scores: Algorithms in Judges’ Hands
• 8. Math: Secrets the Elite Don’t Want You to Know
• 9. The Future: Data for Justice
• Acknowledgments
• Author's Note
• Notes
• Figure Credits and Sources
• Index