Matthew

Michael J. Wilkins, Clinton E. Arnold

• Publisher: Zondervan Academic
• Year: 2016
• eBook ISBN: 9780310529965
• Topic: Theology & Religion
• Subtopic: Biblical Criticism & Interpretation

Brimming with lavish, full-color photos and graphics, the Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary walks you verse by verse through all the books of the New Testament. It's like slipping on a set of glasses that lets you read the Bible through the eyes of a first-century reader! Discoveries await you that will snap the world of the New Testament into gripping immediacy. Things that seem mystifying, puzzling, or obscure will take on tremendous meaning when you view them in their ancient context. You'll deepen your understanding of the teachings of Jesus. You'll discover the close, sometimes startling interplay between God's kingdom and the practical affairs of the church. Best of all, you'll gain a deepened awareness of the Bible's relevance for your life. Written in a clear, engaging style, this beautiful set provides a new and accessible approach that more technical expository and exegetical commentaries don't offer.

Matthew

by Michael J. Wilkins

MOUNT OF BEATITUDES

Overlooking the Sea of Galilee

Matthew

Important Facts:

■ AUTHOR: While technically anonymous, the first book of the New Testament canon was unanimously attributed by the early church to Matthew-Levi, one of the Twelve apostles of Jesus Christ.

■ DATE: A.D. 60–61 (Paul imprisoned in Rome).

■ OCCASION: Matthew addresses a church that is representative of the emerging Christian community of faith—it transcends ethnic, economic, and religious barriers to find oneness in its adherence to Jesus Messiah. His Gospel becomes a manual on discipleship to Jesus, as Jew and Gentile alike form a new community in an increasingly hostile world.

■ PORTRAIT OF CHRIST: Jesus is the true Messiah, Immanuel, God-incarnate with his people.

■ KEY THEMES:

1. The bridge between Old and New Testaments.

2. Salvation-historical “particularism” and “universalism.”

3. The new community of faith.

4. The church built and maintained by Jesus’ continuing presence.

5. A “great commission” for evangelism and mission.

6. The structure of five discourses contributes to a manual on discipleship.

Introduction to The Gospel According to Matthew

On the surface of the Mediterranean world lay the famed pax Romana, “the peace of Rome,” which the Roman historian Tacitus attributes almost solely to the immense powers of Caesar Augustus. But as Tacitus observes, the “peace” that Augustus inaugurated did not bring with it freedom for all of his subjects; many continued to hope for change.1 Tides of revolution swirled just below the surface and periodically rose to disturb the so-called peace of the Roman empire.

In one of the remote regions of the empire, where a variety of disturbances repeatedly surfaced, the hoped for freedom finally arrived in a most unexpected way. A rival to Augustus was born in Israel. But this rival did not appear with fanfare, nor would he challenge directly the military and political might of Rome. Even many of his own people would become disappointed with the revolution that he would bring, because it was a revolution of the heart, not of swords or chariots.

This is the story of the arrival of Jesus of Nazareth, recorded by the apostle Matthew as a compelling witness that Jesus was the long-anticipated Messiah, the prophesied fulfillment of God’s promise of true peace and deliverance for both Jew and Gentile.

Author

All of the four Gospels are technically anonymous, since the names of the authors are not stated explicitly. This is natural since the authors were not writing letters to which are attached the names of the addressees and senders. Rather, the evangelists were compiling stories of Jesus for churches of which they were active participants and leaders. They likely stood among the assembly and first read their Gospel account themselves. To attach their names as authors would have been unnecessary, because their audiences knew their identity, or perhaps even inappropriate, since the primary intention was not to assert their own leadership authority, but to record for their audiences the matchless story of the life and ministry of Jesus.

Early Church Testimony to Matthean Authorship

Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor, lived approximately A.D. 60–130. It is claimed that Papias was a hearer of the apostle John and later was a companion of Polycarp.A-1 He was quoted and endorsed by the church historian Eusebius (c. A.D. 325) as saying: “Matthew for his part compiled/collected the oracles in the Hebrew [Aramaic] dialect and every person translated/interpreted them as he was able” (Eusebius, Eccl. Hist. 3.39.16).

Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons in Gaul, was born in Asia Minor in approximately A.D. 135, studied under Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, and according to tradition died as a martyr around A.D. 200. In one of his five monumental books against the Gnostic heresies, Irenaeus states, “Matthew also issued a written Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect, while Peter and Paul were preaching at Rome, and laying the foundations of the Church.”A-2

Therefore we must look to the records of church history to find evidence for the authorship of the Gospels. The earliest church tradition unanimously ascribes the first Gospel to Matthew, the tax-collector who was called to be one of the original twelve disciples of Jesus. The earliest and most important of these traditions come from Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor (c. 135), and from Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons in Gaul (c. 175). These church leaders either knew the apostolic community directly or were taught by those associated with the apostles; thus, they were directly aware of the origins of the Gospels. While the full meaning of their statements is still open to discussion, no competing tradition assigning the first Gospel to any other author has survived, if any ever existed. False ascription to a relatively obscure apostle such as Matthew seems unlikely until a later date, when canonization of apostles was common.

Matthew, the Person

The list of the twelve disciples in Matthew’s gospel refers to “Matthew the tax collector” (10:3), which harks back to the incident when Jesus called Matthew while he was sitting in the tax office (cf. 9:9). When recounting the call, the first Gospel refers to him as “Matthew” (9:9), while Mark’s Gospel refers to him as “Levi son of Alphaeus” (Mark 2:14), and Luke’s Gospel refers to him as “Levi” (Luke 5:27). Speculation surrounds the reason for the variation, but most scholars suggest that this tax collector had two names, Matthew Levi, either from birth or from the time of his conversion.

The name Levi may be an indication that he was from the tribe of Levi and therefore was familiar with Levitical practices. Mark’s record of the calling refers to him as the “son of Alphaeus” (Mark 2:14), which some have understood to mean that he was the brother of the apostle “James son of Alphaeus” (cf. Mark 3:18). But since the other pairs of brothers are specified as such and linked together, it is unlikely that Matthew-Levi and James were brothers.

Matthew-Levi was called to follow Jesus while he was sitting in the tax collector’s booth. This booth was probably located on one of the main trade highways near Capernaum, collecting tolls for Herod Antipas from the commercial traffic traveling through this area. Matthew immediately followed Jesus and arranged a banquet for Jesus at his home, to which were invited a large crowd of tax collectors and sinners (9:10–11; Luke 5:29–30). Since tax collectors generally were fairly wealthy and were despised by the local populace (cf. Zacchaeus, Luke 19:1–10), Matthew’s calling and response were completely out of the ordinary and required nothing short of a miraculous turn-around in...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• How to Use This eBook
• Introduction
• List of Sidebars
• List of Charts
• Index of Photos and Maps
• Abbreviations
• Matthew
• Credits for Photos and Maps
• The New International Version Appendix