The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844

Friedrich Engels

The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 is a groundbreaking socio-political exposé by Friedrich Engels, co-founder of Marxist theory, offering an unflinching portrayal of the devastating effects of early industrial capitalism on Britain's laboring classes. Written during Engels' stay in Manchester—a city at the epicenter of the Industrial Revolution—this book is one of the earliest and most influential works to document the brutal realities of urban poverty, exploitation, and class inequality. Organized into deeply analytical chapters, Engels examines the industrial proletariat, the living conditions in great towns, the impact of Irish immigration, and the competition between workers. He provides detailed accounts of various sectors such as factory hands, miners, and agricultural workers, illustrating how industrial progress came at the cost of human suffering, dehumanization, and systemic neglect. Engels not only offers searing statistics and eyewitness reports, but also probes deeper into the social dynamics that allowed such inequalities to persist. He devotes significant attention to the attitude of the bourgeoisie toward the working class and discusses the early labour movements as signs of resistance and awakening class consciousness. This book is more than a historical document—it is a passionate call for justice, a pioneering sociological investigation, and a political manifesto that laid the foundation for modern socialist thought. Its influence can be traced in the works of Marx, the formation of the labor movement, and in the intellectual tradition of social critique. With additional translator's notes and comprehensive footnotes, this edition offers essential context for modern readers, making it a vital resource for students of history, economics, sociology, and political science.

Table of contents

• INTRODUCTION
• THE INDUSTRIAL PROLETARIAT.
• THE GREAT TOWNS.
• IRISH IMMIGRATION.
• RESULTS.
• SINGLE BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY. FACTORY HANDS.
• THE REMAINING BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY.
• LABOUR MOVEMENTS.
• THE MINING PROLETARIAT.
• THE AGRICULTURAL PROLETARIAT.
• THE ATTITUDE OF THE BOURGEOISIE TOWARDS THE PROLETARIAT.
• TRANSLATORS NOTE.
• Footnotes.