Life and Habit

Samuel Butler

SinceSamuel Butler published "Life and Habit" thirty-three years have elapsed—years fruitful in change and discovery, during which many of the mighty have been put down from their seat and many of the humble have been exalted. I do not know that Butler can truthfully be called humble, indeed, I think he had very few misgivings as to his ultimate triumph, but he has certainly been exalted with a rapidity that he himself can scarcely have foreseen. During his lifetime he was a literary pariah, the victim of an organized conspiracy of silence. He is now, I think it may be said without exaggeration, universally accepted as one of the most remarkable English writers of the latter part of the nineteenth century. I will not weary my readers by quoting the numerous tributes paid by distinguished contemporary writers to Butler's originality and force of mind, but I cannot refrain from illustrating the changed attitude of the scientific world to Butler and his theories by a reference to "Darwin and Modern Science," the collection of essays published in 1909 by the University of Cambridge, in commemoration of the Darwin centenary. In that work Professor Bateson, while referring repeatedly to Butler's biological works, speaks of him as "the most brilliant and by far the most interesting of Darwin's opponents, whose works are at length emerging from oblivion." With the growth of Butler's reputation "Life and Habit" has had much to do. It was the first and is undoubtedly the most important of his writings on evolution. From its loins, as it were, sprang his three later books, "Evolution Old and New," "Unconscious Memory," and "Luck or Cunning", which carried its arguments further afield. It will perhaps interest Butler's readers if I here quote a passage from his note-books, lately published in the "New Quarterly Review" (Vol. III. No. 9), in which he summarizes his work in biology:"To me it seems that my contributions to the theory of evolution have been mainly these:"1. The identification of heredity and memory, and the corollaries relating to sports, the reversion to remote ancestors, the phenomena of old age, the causes of the sterility of hybrids, and the principles underlying longevity—all of which follow as a matter of course. This was 'Life and Habit' [1877]."2. The re-introduction of teleology into organic life, which to me seems hardly, if at all, less important than the 'Life and Habit' theory. This was 'Evolution Old and New' [1879]."3. An attempt to suggest an explanation of the physics of memory. This was Unconscious Memory' [1880]. I was alarmed by the suggestion and fathered it upon Professor Hering, who never, that I can see, meant to say anything of the kind, but I forced my view upon him, as it were, by taking hold of a sentence or two in his lecture, 'On Memory as a Universal Function of Organised Matter,' and thus connected memory with vibrations."What I want to do now (1885) is to connect vibrations not only with memory but with the physical constitution of that body in which the memory resides, thus adopting Newland's law (sometimes called Mendelejeff's law) that there is only one substance, and that the characteristics of the vibrations going on within it at any given time will determine whether it will appear to us as, we will say, hydrogen, or sodium, or chicken doing this, or chicken doing the other." [This is touched upon in the concluding chapter of "Luck or Cunning?" 1887].The present edition of "Life and Habit" is practically a re-issue of that of 1878. I find that about the year 1890, although the original edition was far from being exhausted, Butler began to make corrections of the text of "Life and Habit," presumably with the intention of publishing a revised edition. The copy of the book so corrected is now in my possession.

Table of contents

• Preface
• Author’s Preface
• Chapter–I. On Certain Acquired Habits
• Chapter–II. Conscious and Unconscious KnowersThe Law and Grace
• Chapter–III. Application of Foregoing Chapters to Certain Habits Acquired After Birthwhich are Commonly Considered Instinctive
• Chapter–IV. Application of the Foregoing PrinciplesTo Actions and Habits Acquired Before Birth
• Chapter–V. Personal Identity
• Chapter–VI. Personal Identity—(Continued)
• Chapter–VII. Our Subordinate Personalities
• Chapter–VIII. Application of the Foregoing ChaptersThe Assimilation of Outside Matter
• Chapter–IX. On the Abeyance of Memory
• Chapter–X. What We Should Expect to Find ifDifferentiations of Structure and Instinct Are Mainly Due to Memory
• Chapter–XI. Instinct as Inherited Memory
• Chapter–XII. Instincts of Neuter Insects
• Chapter–XIII. Lamarck and Mr. Darwin
• Chapter–XIV. Mr. Mivart and Mr. Darwin
• Chapter–XV. Concluding Remarks