THE GOSPELS OF MARK, Matthew, Luke, and John are the four New Testament Gospels, and the Gospel of Peter is a related fragmentary Gospel. All five Gospels were apparently composed during the last decades of the first century C.E. Among the New Testament Gospels, it is generally assumed that the Gospel of Mark was written first, around 70 C.E., and that the Gospels of Matthew and Luke were written a decade or two later and made use of a version of the Gospel of Mark as one of their major literary sources, along with the sayings source Q, a source similar to the Gospel of Thomas. The Gospel of John was written around 90 C.E., and it differs rather substantially from the Gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke. Nonetheless, there are points of connection between Mark and John in particular, and all four New Testament Gospels narrate a story of Jesus that emphasizes the crucifixion and its aftermath. So does the Gospel of Peter, which also announces the good news—the gospel—of the cross.
Mary Magdalene figures rather significantly in the New Testament Gospels and the Gospel of Peter. In Luke 8 (and the longer ending of the Gospel of Mark) she is said to be one of the women whom Jesus restored to social, mental, or spiritual health, and it is reported that he cast seven demons from her. There she is in the company of other women who are followers of Jesus, and Luke depicts Mary Magdalene and friends as independent women who travel with Jesus and provide support for the Jesus movement. Mark 15:40–41, written prior to Luke, uses different language and may allude to the women as disciples.
In all the New Testament Gospels it is said that Mary Magdalene is present at the cross and at the tomb of Jesus. In Luke there is only the general statement, in the context of the crucifixion account, that the acquaintances of Jesus and the women from Galilee were standing at a distance. Mary Magdalene’s prominence is highlighted by the fact that ordinarily she is mentioned first in lists of women around Jesus. John 19:25 is an exception to this pattern, and two or three women are referred to ahead of Mary, but these women seem to be relatives of Jesus. According to Mark 15 and Matthew 27, Mary Magdalene and another woman named Mary saw the burial place of Jesus (again Luke gives a more general statement). It is maintained in all five gospels—Mark, Matthew, Luke, John, and Peter—that Mary Magdalene, often in the company of other women (though not in John), comes early on Sunday morning to the tomb of Jesus. In Mark 16 Mary and the women see a youth in the tomb; in Matthew 28 they are frightened by an apocalyptic angel; in Luke 24 they are greeted by two men in dazzling clothes.
The very first of all the followers of Jesus to experience the risen Christ, according to Mark 16 (the longer ending) and John 20, is Mary Magdalene. According to Matthew 28, Mary Magdalene and “the other Mary” share the experience. In John 20 the account of the encounter between Mary and Jesus is emotional and the exchange of words is tender. Jesus’ command that Mary not touch him has sparked a goodly amount of discussion, with several possible interpretations. This command may show the concern of Jesus (and the author of the Gospel) with the unclean nature of Jesus’ body, since he died so recently, or with Jesus’ need to return to the father, or with matters having to do with sexuality.
The scene in the Gospel of John seems to express such intimacy that it may recall the description of a woman seeking her lover in Song of Songs 3:1–5:
The selections from Mark, Matthew, Luke, John, and Peter translated here feature texts that specifically and unequivocally concern Mary Magdalene. Other texts that portray the unnamed woman who is said to be a woman of sin and who washes Jesus’ feet with her tears, dries them with her hair, kisses them, and anoints them with perfume (Luke 7:36–50), an unnamed woman who anoints Jesus at Bethany (Mark 14:1–9), and Mary of Bethany (Luke 10:38–42; John 11:1–5, 17–20, 28–35; 12:1–8) are also included as additional stories about women around Jesus. These stories may be related to each other in some way, but they are not about Mary Magdalene. Some interpreters, however, have attempted to link these unnamed women and Mary of Bethany to Mary Magdalene, and for that reason these texts are also presented here, though they are placed separately after the selections on Mary Magdalene. The selections from the Gospels of Mark, Matthew, Luke, John, and Peter are given one after another in a series of translations. They should not be harmonized into a single account; their differences reflect the differing perspectives of the several authors.
FOR FURTHER READING: Raymond E. Brown, The Gospel of John; John Dominic Crossan, The Cross that Spoke; John Dominic Crossan, Four Other Gospels; Esther A. de Boer, The Gospel of Mary; Helmut Koester, Ancient Christian Gospels; Burton Mack, A Myth of Innocence; Maria Grazia Mara, Évangile de Pierre; Carol Meyers, Toni Craven, and Ross S. Kraemer, eds., Women in Scripture; Robert J. Miller, ed., The Complete Gospels; Susanne Ruschmann, Maria von Magdala im Johannesevangelium; Jane Schaberg, The Resurrection of Mary Magdalene.
The Gospels of Mark, Matthew, Luke, John, and Peter2
MARY MAGDALENE AND OTHER WOMEN PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR JESUS
Luke 8:1–3
(1) It happened soon afterward3 that Jesus was traveling through the towns and villages, preaching and announcing the good news of God’s kingdom. The Twelve were with him, (2) as well as some women who had been cured of evil spirits and diseases: Mary, called Magdalene, from whom seven demons had departed,4 (3) and Joanna, the wife of Chuza, Herod’s steward,5 and Susanna,6 and many others, who supported7 them8 with their resources.
MARY AND OTHERS ARE PRESENT AT THE CRUCIFIXION OF JESUS
Mark 15:33–36
(33) When it was noon,9 darkness covered the whole land until 3 o’clock in the afternoon. (34) At 3 o’clock Jesus shouted with a loud voice, “Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani,” which means, “My God, My God, why have you abandoned me?”10
(35) Some of the bystanders heard it and were saying, “Look, he is calling Elijah.” (36) And someone ran and filled a sponge with cheap wine, put it on the end of a stick, and offered it to Jesus to drink, and said, “Wait, let us see if Elijah comes to rescue him.”
John 19:25–27
(25) Standing by Jesus’ cross were his mother, his mother’s sister, Mary the wife of Clopas,11 and Mary Magdalene. (26) Jesus saw his mother and the disciple he loved12 standing there, and he says to his mother, “Woman, look, your son.”13
(27) Then he says to the disciple, “Look, your mother.” From that moment the disciple took her into his home.
Mark 15:37–41
(37) Jesus gave a loud cry and breathed his last.
(38) The temple curtain was torn in two from top to bottom. (39) When the Roman officer stationed at the cross saw how Jesus died, he said, “This person really was God’s son.”
(40) There were some women looking on from a distance, among whom were Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the younger and Joses, and Salome.14 (41) They used to follow Jesus and assist him while he was in Galilee. Many other women who came to Jerusalem with him were also there.
Matthew 27:55–56
(55) Many women were there, looking on from a distance. They had followed Jesus from Galilee to assist him. (56) Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Joseph,15 and the mother of the sons of Zebedee.16
MARY AND OTHER WOMEN AT THE TOMB
Mark 15:42–47
(42) When night had fallen, since it was preparation day, the day before the Sabbath,17 (43) Joseph of Arimathea, a respected council member who himself was awaiting God’s kingdom, came forward.18 He went boldly to Pilate and requested the body of Jesus. (44) Pilate was surprised to hear that Jesus had died so soon, and he summoned the Roman officer and asked him if Jesus had been dead for long. (45) When he heard the officer’s report, he let Joseph take the body. (46) Joseph bought a linen shroud and took the body of Jesus down. He wrapped it in the shroud and put it in a tomb hewn out of rock, and he rolled a stone in front of the entrance to the tomb. (47) Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses saw where Jesus was laid to rest.
Matthew 27:61
(6...
