Self-Editing for Fiction Writers, Second Edition

Renni Browne, Dave King

• Publisher: HarperCollins e-books
• Year: 2010
• ISBN:
  9780062012906
• Topic: Persönliche Entwicklung
• Subtopic: Schreib- & Präsentationsfähigkeiten

Hundreds of books have been written on the art of writing. Here at last is a book by two professional editors to teach writers the techniques of the editing trade that turn promising manuscripts into published novels and short stories.

In this completely revised and updated second edition, Renni Browne and Dave King teach you, the writer, how to apply the editing techniques they have developed to your own work. Chapters on dialogue, exposition, point of view, interior monologue, and other techniques take you through the same processes an expert editor would go through to perfect your manuscript. Each point is illustrated with examples, many drawn from the hundreds of books Browne and King have edited.

Chapter 1

SHOW AND TELL

What’s wrong with this paragraph?:

The conversation was barely begun before I discovered that our host was more than simply a stranger to most of his guests. He was an enigma, a mystery. And this was a crowd that doted on mysteries. In the space of no more than five minutes, I heard several different people put forth their theories—all equally probable or preposterous—as to who and what he was. Each theory was argued with the conviction that can only come from a lack of evidence, and it seemed that, for many of the guests, these arguments were the main reason to attend his parties.

In a sense, of course, there’s nothing wrong. The paragraph is grammatically impeccable, and it describes the mystery surrounding the party’s host clearly, efficiently, and with a sense of style.

Now look at the same passage as it actually appeared in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby:

“I like to come,” Lucille said. “I never care what I do, so I always have a good time. When I was here last, I tore my gown on a chair, and he asked me my name and address—within a week I got a package from Croirier’s with a new evening gown in it.”

“Did you keep it?” asked Jordan.

“Sure I did. I was going to wear it tonight, but it was too big in the bust and had to be altered. It was gas blue with lavender beads. Two hundred and sixty-five dollars.”

“There’s something funny about a fellow that’ll do a thing like that,” said the other girl eagerly. “He doesn’t want any trouble with anybody.”

“Who doesn’t?” I inquired.

“Gatsby. Somebody told me—”

The two girls and Jordan leaned together confidentially.

“Somebody told me they thought he killed a man.”

A thrill passed over all of us. The three Mr. Mumbles bent forward and listened eagerly.

“I don’t think it’s so much that,” argued Lucille skeptically; “it’s more that he was a German spy during the war.”

One of the men nodded in confirmation.

“I heard that from a man who knew all about him, grew up with him in Germany,” he assured us positively.

“Oh, no,” said the first girl, “it couldn’t be that, because he was in the American army during the war.” As our credulity switched back to her, she leaned forward with enthusiasm. “You look at him sometimes when he thinks nobody’s looking at him. I’ll bet he killed a man.”

What’s the difference between these two examples? To put it simply, it’s a matter of showing and telling. The first version is narrative summary, with no specific settings or characters. We are simply told about the guests’ love of mystery, the weakness of their arguments, the conviction of the arguers. In the second version we actually get to see the breathless partygoers putting forth their theories and can almost taste the eagerness of their audience. The first version is a secondhand report. The second is an immediate scene.

What, exactly, makes a scene a scene? For one thing it takes place in real time. Your readers watch events as they unfold, whether those events are a group discussion of the merits of Woody Allen films, a lone man running from an assassin, or a woman lying in a field pondering the meaning of life. In scenes, events are seen as they happen rather than described after the fact. Even flashbacks show events as they unfold, although they have unfolded in the past within the context of the story.

Scenes usually have settings as well, specific locations the readers can picture. In Victorian novels these settings were often described in exhaustive (and exhausting) detail. Nowadays literature is leaner and meaner, and it’s often a good idea to give your readers just enough detail to jump-start their imaginations so they can picture your settings for themselves.

Scenes also contain some action, something that happens. Mary kills Harry, or Harry and Mary beat each other up. More often than not, what happens is dialogue between one or more characters. Though even in dialogue scenes it’s a good idea to include a little physical action from time to time—what we call “beats”—to remind your readers of where your characters are and what they’re doing. We’ll be talking about beats at length in chapter 8.

Of course, anything that can go into a scene can also be narrated. And since scenes are usually harder to write than narration, many writers rely too heavily on narrative summary to tell their stories. The result is often page after page, sometimes chapter after chapter, of writing that reads the way the first passage quoted above reads: clearly, perhaps even stylishly, but with no specific setting, no specific characters, no dialogue.

A century or so ago this sort of writing would have been fine. It was the norm, in fact—Henry James wrote at least one entire novel composed largely of narrative summary. But thanks to the influence of movies and television, readers today have become accustomed to seeing a story as a series of immediate scenes. Narrative summary no longer engages readers the way it once did.

Since engagement is exactly what a fiction writer wants to accomplish, you’re well advised to rely heavily on immediate scenes to put your story across. You want to draw your readers into the world you’ve created, make them feel a part of it, make them forget where they are. And you can’t do this effectively if you tell your readers about your world secondhand. You have to take them there.

We once worked on a novel featuring a law firm in which one of the new associates led a rebellion against the senior partners. The writer introduced the new associate and two of his colleagues in the first chapter by describing their job interviews with senior partners. The interviews were given as narrative summary—she simply told her readers what the law firm was looking for in a new associate, described the associates’ backgrounds, and explained why the firm hired them. She did include snippets of dialogue from the interviews, but since readers never found out who was speaking to the associate or where the conversations took place, there was nothing they could picture.

Knowing that the first chapter is not the best place for narrative summary—you want to engage your readers early on—we suggested that the writer turn these interviews into genuine scenes, set in the senior partner’s offices, with extended conversations between the partners and the associates. As a result, her readers got a much better feel for who the new associates were and a glimpse of the senior partners’ humor and good nature. The book was off to a much more engaging start.

Showing your story to your readers through scenes will not only give your writing immediacy. It will give your writing transparency. One of the easiest ways to look like an amateur is to use mechanics that direct attention to themselves and away from the story. You want your readers to be so wrapped up in your world that they’re not even aware that you, the writer, exist. But when you switch to narrative summary, especially if you go on at length, it can sometimes seem as if you are falling into nonfiction—breaking into the story to give your readers a lecture. This is especially true if you are using narrative summary for exposition. To write exposition at length—describing your characters’ pasts or events that happened before the story began or any information your readers might need to understand your plot—is to engage your readers’ intellects. What you want to do is to engage their emotions.

Of course, there will be times when you need to resort to narrative summary, especially if you’re writing a historical novel or science fiction, both of which usually require conveying a lot of information to your readers before you can touch their emotions. We’ll talk about this in more depth in the next chapter, but for now let us say that you’d be surprised at how much exposition can be converted into scenes. Rather than describing the history of Hartsdale House, you can write a scene in which the present Lord Hartsdale points out some of the family portraits to his guests. Or rather than quoting an Encyclopedia Galactica article on how Llanu society is organized, you can simply drop your readers into the middle of that society and let them fend for themselves.

We once edited a book about Antonio Vivaldi, which was set, naturally, in eighteenth-century Venice. In order to follow the story the readers had to know some of the details of Venetian society in the baroque era. But because the story was presented as the reminiscences of one of Vivaldi’s students, it was difficult to work the information into the text. After all, why would the student write in detail about the society she lived in? As far as she was concerned, everybody knew what the bocca di lione was and how you gained admission to the Golden Book.

To solve this problem, the writer created a frame story about a modern-day researcher who had found the student’s writings in an archive. The researcher would interrupt the student’s story every once in a while to explain some of the background. But since the researcher’s explanations were simply addressed to the reader, they read like the lectures they really were. We suggested that the writer give the researcher a personality and turn his lectures into scenes.

The writer did better. In the next draft, she had cast herself in the role of the researcher, and the lectures became first-person scenes of how she was visited by the ghost of Vivaldi on a trip to Venice. Since her Vivaldi had a powerful character’s voice (“That fool Mozart could roll around on the floor with the soprano between acts and no one cares. I leave the pulpit once and it follows me forever.”), her tour through Venetian society took on a new life. It was shown rather than told.

Even though immediate scenes are almost always more engaging than narrative summary, be careful when self-editing not to convert all your narrative summary into scenes. Narrative summary has its uses, the main one being to vary the rhythm and texture of your writing. Scenes are immediate and engaging, but scene after scene without a break can become relentless and exhausting, especially if you tend to write brief, intense scenes. Every once in a while you will want to slow things down to give your readers a chance to catch their breath, and narrative summary can be a good way to do this.

One of our clients was given to short scenes in which characters met, talked, and then parted. All of the dialogue was well written and advanced his story, but since the writer delivered only five minutes’ worth of dialogue in each scene, it was as if he’d written his entire novel in five-minute chunks. Reading it was like jogging on railroad ties. He could have run some of his scenes together into longer scenes, of course (and we suggested he do so), but the real solution was to use narrative summary to work some extra time into his scenes.

For instance, in the next draft he showed two characters meeting for dinner, summarized the dinner itself in a paragraph or two of narration, and then showed the five minutes of after-dinner conversation that were really crucial to the story. By simply adding a few paragraphs of narration, he stretched the duration of some of his scenes out to two or three hours without two or three hours’ worth of dialogue and action. As a result his book had a more expansive feel, and his readers had a chance to breathe.

Narrative summary can also give continuity to your story on a larger scale. We recently worked on a historical novel in which the main character was forced to move to Spain during the time of the Inquisition. At first she was terrified of falling under the power of the inquisitors, but she slowly came to love the people of her new village so much that by the end of the novel, she stood up to the inquisitors in order to stay.

The writer originally tried to capture her character’s growing appreciation of her new home with a series of brief scenes spread over the several months it took for her feelings to evolve. But these short scenes lacked flow, which is especially critical at the beginning of the story. Instead, we suggested that the writer cut some of the shorter scenes and narrate the time that passed between the longer ones. Because the narrative summary was able to capture weeks or months of slow, steady growth, readers got a smooth sense of the development of the main character’s feelings, with critical moments in that development illustrated by scenes. Readers could watch her feelings evolve, and that evolution invited them into the story and enabled them to identify with the heroine.

Narrative summary can also be useful when you have a lot of repetitive action. Say you are writing a book about a track star in which your hero participates in several races. If you show all of these races as immediate scenes, eventually they all start to read alike. But if you summarize the first few races—have them happen offstage, in effect—then the one you eventually show as a scene will have real impact.

And then, some plot developments are simply not important enough to justify scenes. If an event involves only minor characters, you might do better to summarize it rather than develop the characters to the point that you could write a convincing scene about them. Or if you have a minor event that leads up to a key scene, you might want to narrate the first event so that the scene, when it comes, will seem even more immediate in contrast.

We once worked on a short story in which the police were tracking a rather enigmatic suspect. In the course of the story, three events happened in quick succession: the police realized just what the suspect was up to, they captured him, and he escaped during interrogation in a surprising way. Since the emphasis of the story was on what the suspect was up to rather than on his actual capture, we suggested that the capture be written as narrative summary. By not developing the capture into a full-blown scene, the writer was able to go almost directly from the first revelation to a second, more important revelation that comes during interrogation. The story moved at a faster pace, and the two important scenes were thrown into sharp relief because a key event between them was given as narrative summary.

So narration has a place in good...