Strange Contagion
eBook - ePub

Strange Contagion

Inside the Surprising Science of Infectious Behaviors and Viral Emotions and What They Tell Us About Ourselves

  1. 288 pages
  2. English
  3. ePUB (mobile friendly)
  4. Available on iOS & Android
eBook - ePub

Strange Contagion

Inside the Surprising Science of Infectious Behaviors and Viral Emotions and What They Tell Us About Ourselves

About this book

Picking up where The Tipping Point leaves off, respected journalist Lee Daniel Kravetz’s Strange Contagion is a provocative look at both the science and lived experience of social contagion.

In 2009, tragedy struck the town of Palo Alto: A student from the local high school had died by suicide by stepping in front of an oncoming train. Grief-stricken, the community mourned what they thought was an isolated loss. Until, a few weeks later, it happened again. And again. And again. In six months, the high school lost five students to suicide at those train tracks.

A recent transplant to the community and a new father himself, Lee Daniel Kravetz’s experience as a science journalist kicked in: what was causing this tragedy? More important, how was it possible that a suicide cluster could develop in a community of concerned, aware, hyper-vigilant adults?

The answer? Social contagion. We all know that ideas, emotions, and actions are communicable—from mirroring someone’s posture to mimicking their speech patterns, we are all driven by unconscious motivations triggered by our environment. But when just the right physiological, psychological, and social factors come together, we get what Kravetz calls a "strange contagion:" a perfect storm of highly common social viruses that, combined, form a highly volatile condition.

Strange Contagion is simultaneously a moving account of one community’s tragedy and a rigorous investigation of social phenomenon, as Kravetz draws on research and insights from experts worldwide to unlock the mystery of how ideas spread, why they take hold, and offer thoughts on our responsibility to one another as citizens of a globally and perpetually connected world.


Blending personal narrative with rigorous science, Strange Contagion unpacks the invisible forces that shape our lives:


  • The Science of Social Contagion: An unflinching look at the Palo Alto suicide cluster and the chilling evidence of how thoughts, behaviors, and emotions can spread like a virus.
  • The Unconscious Mind: A deep dive into the hidden world of mirror neurons, memes, and primes—the unconscious triggers that influence everything from our moods to our most critical life decisions.
  • Group Dynamics in Action: Why do some ideas go viral while others fade? Kravetz explores the perfect storm of factors that allows a "strange contagion" to take hold in a community.
  • Media Influence and Moral Responsibility: From the Werther effect to modern social media, an essential investigation into our role in spreading both harmful and helpful ideas in a connected world.
  • Hope and Resilience: Beyond the tragedy, this is a story of how communities can fight back, interrupt negative patterns, and learn to spread courage, happiness, and hope.

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Information

Publisher
Harper
Year
2017
Print ISBN
9780062448941
eBook ISBN
9780062448958

Part I
The Valley of the Shadow

ā€œSecond verse, same as the first.ā€
―Traditional

Chapter 1
Arrival, Part I

We’ve been in the new apartment for a week. My wife, six months pregnant, belly large in a turquoise blouse and hair cut short, arranges the terra-cotta planter pots on the balcony. I’m in the living room, flattening and folding empty cardboard moving boxes. Over the past decade I’ve become pretty competent in this routine of packing and unpacking. In our twenties we moved around a lot, for work, for graduate school, for adventure and opportunity, living in Boston, New York, and briefly Baltimore, followed by a fifteen-month sojourn in San Francisco. We’ve decided that 2009 will be the year that we settle down and create a permanent home in which to raise a family. My wife began looking for a job that would bring us out of the city. My work as a freelance science writer unmoored me from any particular location, thus her offer from Google moved us from the trendy Mission District to the sleepy hamlet of Palo Alto.
An ambulance siren is going off maybe a mile away. Another siren closely trails behind it. ā€œI wonder what’s going on out there,ā€ she says offhandedly. I finish making my morning coffee in the kitchen, and with mug in hand I head to the balcony where she is looking over the railing. ā€œThere must be an accident nearby.ā€
Even before entering the low heat of the summer I can hear the traffic that’s gathered two stories below. Just beyond our apartment complex, maple trees block the partial view we have of Hoover Tower rising above Stanford University, a pink-hued emblem of the region and those who have brought to it a touch of wunderkind in the form of geniuses, masterminds, idea incubators, and dream originators. Below us, cars collect along El Camino Real and east along Oregon Expressway toward the interstate. The streetlights cycle through from green to red and the traffic doesn’t budge. Somewhere overhead a helicopter thumps the sky.
Later that evening I read online that the bumper-to-bumper traffic was due to a fatality not on the road but on the Caltrain tracks close by. The casualty halted the lines for hours. Delayed commuters scrambled for alternate routes to work, causing an ugly cascade of backups on the roads. While I’d been deconstructing our moving boxes up in our apartment, down below a boy named Jean-Paul ā€œHan-Weiā€ Blanchard, a junior at nearby Henry M. Gunn High School, was walking off of the campus. He’d moved along Arastradero Road, past dozens of tidy, brightly painted homes, crossed the wide span of El Camino Real, and, in broad daylight, stepped onto the railroad.
We’ve been in town for less than a week, but I’m still certain that a train hitting and killing a local student is unusual in Silicon Valley, where the spectrum of intellect runs a parallel track to a kind of acceptable madness of professors, scientists, writers, investors, and entrepreneurs who run this distinct Bellevue of ambition.
The news is doubly unusual given the particular school the boy attended. By academic measures the students at Gunn High—and all the schools in the area, for that matter—are among California’s brightest. In the past five years, Gunn High in particular has boasted more National Merit Scholarship Program semifinalists than 90 percent of schools in the country. Recently, half of its students took roughly two thousand Advanced Placement tests for college credit, 93 percent of whom scored three or higher on a scale of one to five. These are the kind of facts people in this town like to quote, especially those who’ve moved here expressly so that their children can take advantage of the public school system.
But for a couple of days the litany of academic praise ends. Short sound bites and tiny paragraphs in local newspapers carry the unusual story of the boy’s death. People talk about it. Then they stop talking about it. They return to their lives, and I return to unpacking.
Ā 
It has been three weeks since Blanchard’s suicide when all of the trains on the Caltrain line receive an emergency order to stop. Passenger cars in the night stagnate at points along their routes. The Santa Clara County coroner investigates what appears to be another body on the same length of tracks near Gunn High.
Reporting on the incident within hours of her death, media reveal that authorities have recovered Sonya Raymakers, a graduating senior preparing to attend NYU’s prestigious theater program in the fall. The town is already beginning to speculate about her motivation. People point to the region’s ethos of scholastic pressure, its common burden to achieve, its unspoken but understood dictum of success at any cost. They consider the effects of undiagnosed or undisclosed mental illness. They talk about copycat behavior.
Growing up, you heard about kids who died by suicide, but oftentimes these tragedies were isolated situations, happened behind closed doors, and remained private family affairs. These two events, however, took place in an unbelievably open fashion, practically forcing public outcry and reflection. I don’t know much about the pathos of suicidal thinking, but I can’t help but wonder if there is a connection between the two children. Then again, reading into these tragic moments might simply be an exercise in attempting to reason away the unreasonable.
Even as a relative newcomer to this community and stationed on the sidelines of grief, I find myself caught up in the shock. At the same time, the natural distance of my station grants me some perspective. I watch the town absorb the wave without it knowing quite what to make of its power or source. People in turn pivot to focus on everyday tribulations, relying on the trajectories of life as usual to steady them from the blow; no one can stand to have this glue mucking up the chambers of their heart.
And neither can I, frankly. I’m about to be a father. The most pressing personal issue at the moment is the nursery I have to build. I frame illustrations and hang the pictures from blue ribbon on the walls. Climb a stepladder and lock metal rings through heavy curtain fabric. Stand before sections of a white crib spread out on the floor like kindling, uncertain how to decipher the instructions or interpret how the pieces fit together.

Chapter 2
Mirror/Mirror

When my son is born, I wrap him in folds of a thin and gauzy blanket and place his warm body in the crook of my wife’s arm, where he will remain, more often than not, for the next three months.
He is enamored with her. Endlessly stares into her face. Watches her eyes widen and her mouth turn out big expressions. He responds to her as though engaged in conversation, his own eyes opening wide, and his mouth mimicking her smile.
From our first moments, our understanding beyond the womb is dependent on our natural instinct to mirror. We are built to receive and perceive cues, to understand displays of happiness, fear, and sadness, and to create with others a harmony of movements. While writing The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Charles Darwin observed the collective makeup of human countenance. Despite age, ethnicity, and gender, people articulate the same state of mind as someone they observe. Every person is unique, and yet by way of a smile, a frown, a grimace, a wince, they hold universal commonality. Expressions cue recognition and activate in us similar empathetic responses. Remarkably, the mechanism for mirroring others takes place so fast and automatically it’s nearly imperceptible. The social psychologist Elaine Hatfield credits this to a kind of automatic attunement bred by a nonconscious imitator within each of us. We capitalize on moments during which the mind registers the tiniest flickers of expression from the world around it, activating a primal process of reflecting and aligning.
I watch my son, a face surrounded by folds of a moon-...

Table of contents

  1. Dedication
  2. Contents
  3. Author’s Note
  4. Part I: The Valley of the Shadow
  5. Chapter 1: Arrival, Part I
  6. Chapter 2: Mirror/Mirror
  7. Chapter 3: A Perfect Tempest
  8. Chapter 4: A Particular Predilection for Catching
  9. Chapter 5: A Quest in Earnest
  10. Part II: The Perfect Model
  11. Chapter 6: How to Start a Contagion
  12. Chapter 7: Stumbling upon a Cure and Its Unintended Consequence
  13. Part III: The Frenzied
  14. Chapter 8: A Dilemma of Contagion
  15. Chapter 9: Shifting Strategies, I Turn to Tracking Hysteria
  16. Chapter 10: Discovering the Wrong Responders
  17. Chapter 11: Tracking Nocebos and the Mystery of the DeKalb County Windmills
  18. Part IV: The Motivators
  19. Chapter 12: Discovering the ā€œHard Driveā€ Virus
  20. Chapter 13: On the Trail of the Motivation Lab
  21. Chapter 14: We Have a Problem of Primes
  22. Chapter 15: Tripping the Fail-safe
  23. Part V: The Interrupters
  24. Chapter 16: Finding the Man Who Launched a Rampant Revolution of Courage
  25. Chapter 17: Where Role Models Are Just Another Prime
  26. Chapter 18: On the Trail of a Cure Model
  27. Chapter 19: If It Can Stop Violence, It Can Stop This
  28. Part VI: The Interlopers
  29. Chapter 20: The Impossible Reach
  30. Chapter 21: Considering the Piggyback Treatment
  31. Chapter 22: Catching the Ivy Leagues
  32. Part VII: The Conversation
  33. Chapter 23: Arrival, Part II
  34. Chapter 24: Finding Hope Within the Barsade Cascade
  35. Chapter 25: Stress Is a Gateway
  36. Chapter 26: How to Catch Happiness
  37. Chapter 27: Applying the Salve of Emotional Attunement
  38. Part VIII: The Community
  39. Chapter 28: All the Answers Lead Back Home
  40. Chapter 29: A Plague of Yellow Jacks
  41. A Note on Support
  42. Acknowledgments
  43. Selected Sources
  44. About the Author
  45. Also by Lee Daniel Kravetz
  46. Copyright
  47. About the Publisher

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