Geodesy

Wolfgang Torge

• Publisher: De Gruyter
• Year: 2015
• Print ISBN: 9783111174549
• eBook ISBN: 9783111542683
• Edition: 2
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Geology & Earth Sciences
• Index: Biological Sciences

Table of contents

• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Definition and Classification of Geodesy
• 1.2 The Problem of Geodesy
• 1.3 Historical Development of Geodesy
• 1.3.1 The Spherical Earth Model
• 1.3.2 The Ellipsoidal Earth Model
• 1.3.3 Arc Measurements
• 1.3.4 The Geoid and the Ellipsoid
• 1.4 Organization of Geodesy, Literature
• 1.4.1 National Organizations
• 1.4.2 International Collaboration
• 1.4.3 Literature
• 2 The Gravity Field of the Earth
• 2.1 Components of the Gravity Field
• 2.1.1 Gravitation, Gravitational Potential
• 2.1.2 Gravitational Potential of a Spherically Symmetric Earth
• 2.1.3 Properties of the Gravitational Potential
• 2.1.4 Centrifugal Acceleration, Centrifugal Potential
• 2.1.5 Gravity Acceleration, Gravity Potential
• 2.2 Level Surfaces and Plumb Lines
• 2.2.1 Definition and Properties of Level Surfaces
• 2.2.2 Analytical Representation of Level Surfaces
• 2.2.3 Curvature of the Level Surfaces
• 2.2.4 Curvature of Plumb Lines
• 2.2.5 Gravity Gradient
• 2.3 Spherical Harmonic Expansion of the Gravitational Potential
• 2.3.1 Expansion of the Reciprocal Distance
• 2.3.2 Expansion of the Gravitational Potential
• 2.3.3 The Geometrical Meaning of the Surface Harmonics
• 2.3.4 Physical Meaning of the Lower Degree Harmonic Coefficients
• 2.4 Temporal Variations of the Gravity Field
• 2.4.1 Tidal Acceleration, Tidal Potential
• 2.4.2 Earth Tides
• 2.4.3 Other Temporal Variations of the Gravity Field
• 3 Geodetic Reference Systems
• 3.1 Global Spatial Cartesian System, Polar Motion
• 3.2 Coordinate Systems in the Earth’s Gravity Field
• 3.2.1 Global Astronomic System
• 3.2.2 Local Astronomic Systems, Computations in the Earth’s Gravity Field
• 3.2.3 Local Astronomic and Global Cartesian System
• 3.3 The Geoid as Reference Surface for Heights
• 3.3.1 Definition of the Geoid
• 3.3.2 Geopotential Number and Orthometric Height
• 3.3.3 Mean Sea Level
• 3.4 Ellipsoidal Reference Systems
• 3.4.1 Geometric Parameters and Coordinate Systems of the Rotational Ellipsoid
• 3.4.2 Curvature of the Rotational Ellipsoid
• 3.4.3 Spatial Ellipsoidal Coordinate System
• 3.5 The Normal Gravity Field
• 3.5.1 The Normal Figure of the Earth, Level Ellipsoid
• 3.5.2 The Normal Gravity Field of the Level Ellipsoid
• 3.5.3 Series Expansions in the Normal Gravity Field
• 3.5.4 The Triaxial Ellipsoid
• 3.5.5 Geodetic Reference Systems
• 3.5.6 Normal Geographic Coordinates, Normal Heights
• 4 Methods of Measurement in Geodesy
• 4.1 Astronomic Measurements
• 4.1.1 Coordinate Systems of Spherical Astronomy
• 4.1.2 Variation of Stellar Coordinates, Star Catalogues
• 4.1.3 Time Systems
• 4.1.4 Observational Instruments
• 4.1.5 Methods to Determine Astronomic Positions, Azimuth, and Time
• 4.2 Gravity Measurements
• 4.2.1 Absolute Gravity Measurements
• 4.2.2 Relative Gravity Measurements
• 4.2.3 Gravity Measurements on the Ocean and in the Air
• 4.2.4 Gravity Reference Systems
• 4.2.5 Determination of the Gravity Gradient
• 4.2.6 The Measurement of Earth Tides
• 4.3 Terrestrial Geodetic Measurements
• 4.3.1 Atmospheric Refraction
• 4.3.2 Horizontal Angle Measurements
• 4.3.3 Distance Measurements
• 4.3.4 Zenith Angle Measurements, Trigonometrically Determined Heights
• 4.3.5 Leveling
• 4.4 Satellite Observations
• 4.4.1 The Unperturbed Motion of a Satellite
• 4.4.2 The Perturbed Motion of the Satellite
• 4.4.3 Artificial Earth Satellites, Time Measuring Systems
• 4.4.4 Direction Measurements, Early Distance Measurements
• 4.4.5 Laser Distance Measurements
• 4.4.6 Doppler Frequency Shift Measurements
• 4.4.7 Global Positioning System
• 4.4.8 Very Long Baseline Interferometry
• 4.4.9 Satellite Altimetry
• 5 Methods of Evaluation, Global Geodesy
• 5.1 Astrogeodetic Methods
• 5.1.1 Deflection of the Vertical, Geoid Undulation, Height Anomaly
• 5.1.2 Three-Dimensional Computations, Geodetic Datum
• 5.1.3 Geometric-astronomic Leveling
• 5.1.4 Positional Systems
• 5.1.5 Height Systems
• 5.1.6 Astrogeodetic Determination of the Geoid and Quasigeoid
• 5.1.7 Orientation of Astrogeodetic Systems, Best Fitting Ellipsoids
• 5.2 Gravimetric Methods
• 5.2.1 Geodetic Boundary-Value Problem, Disturbing Potential, Gravity Anomaly
• 5.2.2 Linearization of the Geodetic Boundary-Value Problem
• 5.2.3 Solution of the Geodetic Boundary-Value Problem for the Geoid
• 5.2.4 Gravity Reductions, Cogeoid
• 5.2.5 Solution of the Geodetic Boundary-Value Problem for the Surface of the Earth
• 5.2.6 Physical Surface of the Earth and External Gravity Field
• 5.2.7 Prediction of Gravity Anomalies
• 5.2.8 Potential, Mass and Position of the Gravimetric Reference Ellipsoid
• 5.3 Methods of Satellite Geodesy
• 5.3.1 Observation Equations
• 5.3.2 Geometric Method
• 5.3.3 Dynamic Method, Harmonic Coefficients
• 5.3.4 Orbital Method, Absolute and Relative Positioning
• 5.3.5 Analysis of Satellite Altimetry
• 5.4 Combined Methods of Evaluation
• 5.4.1 Astrogravimetric Leveling
• 5.4.2 Remove — Restore Methods in Gravity Field Determination
• 5.4.3 Least Squares Collocation
• 5.4.4 Earth Models (Gravity Field and Geocentric Coordinates)
• 5.4.5 Centering and Strengthening Astrogeodetic Systems
• 5.4.6 Optimal Earth Parameters
• 5.5 Structure and Dynamics of the Earth’s Body
• 5.5.1 The Radial Structure of the Earth
• 5.5.2 The Earth as a Body in Equilibrium
• 5.5.3 Interpretation of the Gravity Field, the Crust of the Earth, and the Upper Mantle
• 5.5.4 Isostasy
• 5.5.5 Geodesy and Geodynamics
• 5.6 Lunar and Planetary Geodesy
• 5.6.1 Lunar Geodesy (Selenodesy)
• 5.6.2 Planetary Geodesy
• 6 Geodetic Networks
• 6.1 Horizontal Control Networks
• 6.1.1 Design, Monumentation, Observations
• 6.1.2 Computations
• 6.1.3 Geodesics on the Rotational Ellipsoid
• 6.1.4 Solution of Ellipsoidal Triangles
• 6.1.5 Direct and Inverse Geodetic Problems
• 6.1.6 National Networks: Examples
• 6.1.7 Network Unification and Large-Scale Control
• 6.2 Vertical Control Networks
• 6.2.1 Design, Monumentation, Observations
• 6.2.2 Computations
• 6.2.3 National Networks: Examples
• 6.2.4 Network Unification and Large-Scale Control
• 6.3 Gravity Networks
• 6.3.1 Design, Monumentation, Observations, and Computations
• 6.3.2 National Networks: Examples
• References
• Index