Part 1
THE JOURNAL AS TOOL
A writer uses a journal to try out the new step in front of the mirror.
Mary Gordon, āThe Country Husband,ā
New York Times, October 6, 1991
JOURNALINGāA STEPPING STONE
James Brown
For me the journal is a toolāa stepping stone to a larger, more refined work that could be a memoir, a novel, a short story, the personal essay, or a script.
I donāt keep a journal for the sake of recording random thoughts or feelings or simply the dayās events, as you might in a diary, though I donāt for a second discount the value of others doing so. The sheer act of writing, regardless of the form or its aim, is in and of itself a worthwhile endeavor.
I believe you discover what it is you want to say during the writing process. In fact, what you originally thought you wanted to say, and what you actually end up writing, arenāt always the same things. I used to think that it was a shortcoming, not being able to stick with what I initially imagined myself writing, but now I see it as a strength.
Iām capable of changing for the better. Iām able to recognize previously unforeseen opportunities and capitalize on them. The work is malleableāan evolving, living thing in a constant state of flux. Getting to the good stuff is sometimes a process of elimination of the bad stuff in order to be able to see it for what it is. Then you discard it and take another shotāsame material, same charactersāonly you do it from a different angle.
Maybe you hit pay dirt.
Maybe you sink again.
The point is youāre at least one step closer to knowing what belongs in your story by knowing what does not.
The Irish writer Frank OāConnor reworked some of his stories seven or eight times even after they were published. That might seem a little obsessive, but then again I donāt know any good writers who arenāt. It seems to be the nature of the profession. Alcoholism runs a close second, and I occasionally wonder if it isnāt because of all the frustration involved in finding the right story and telling it well.
This is where journaling comes in handy.
It can be a simple act of brainstorming, no boundaries or constraints. Fifties Beat writer Jack Kerouac used to put a roll of butcher paper into his typewriter and go at it like a wild man, more or less just writing whatever came into his head. The difference here is that Kerouac sometimes considered this material finished work; he didnāt always go back and revise, so some of his published writing is pretty messy and difficult to read. It did not help matters that he was also frequently under the influence of amphetamines, in particular, Benzedrine. In any case, brainstorming helps take the pressure off you, the kind of pressure that comes from trying to imagine too much of your story at once, the kind of pressure that makes you freeze up and give up.
By journaling without constraint, writerās block ceases to exist. Even if it turns out you canāt use much or anything youāve written in your current work, itās gotten you writing. Itās helped loosen you up.
Though I donāt consider myself a screenwriter, Iāve written several screenplays based on novels of mine that were optioned for movies, and once I wrote a TV script for 21 Jump Street, an old cop show. This was back in the early nineties, ancient history but still timely in terms of the subject and how I used journaling techniques to help me put the script together. I was a freelancer who lucked into the job on a producer friendās recommendation.
What he basically did, besides get me there, was give me the premise of a story: A teenager fresh out of juvie for stealing cars and hawking the parts, whatās called āchopping,ā returns to his old neighborhood where he attempts to go straight instead of succumbing to his old criminal ways.
Itās your standard good versus evil setup. Temptation is around every corner, and it was up to me, as the writer, to come up with the different characters and scenarios that best showed the boy struggling to do the right thing.
For me itās all about character. You can have the best plot in the world, but if the characters are stiff, clichĆ©d, and one-dimensional, the story falls apart. If no one cares about the people in your story, certainly no one will care about what happens to them; if they donāt care about what happens to them, it means they canāt possibly care about the plot. The two elements are inescapably intertwined. Story, or plot, is a natural outgrowth of character. And because character defines action and action defines character (Iād like to take credit for this, but Aristotle said it first.), the brainstorming for me begins with character.
So who is this kid who steals cars and parts them out? Whatās his background? Where does he live? How does he live? How does he dress? Whatāre his weaknesses? His strengths? What, in short, makes him tick?
In my journal, before I began the script, I tried to get a stronger conception of my central character by writing a short biography. The show originally aired in 1991 under the title āSecond Chances,ā the last episode ever filmed of 21 Jump Street, and to write the piece for this collection, it took an hour or more of sifting through dusty boxes in a dusty attic to find my old notes. Theyāre nearly twenty years old, the ink has faded, and in a few spots I canāt even make out the writing anymore. Those parts I omit with ellipses, and forgive the punctuation, or lack thereof, as I often throw the rules of grammar to the wind when Iām journaling:
His name is Nick Capelli, heās of Irish and Italian descent, and his father bailed on him when he was twelve and most needed the guidanceā¦. At heart heās good kid, but heās scared, too, given the rough neighborhoods heās lived in, and so he tries to act tough ā¦ walks with a swagger. Carries a knife and sometimes likes to pull it out in front of the mirror in his bedroom like DeNiro in Taxi Driver. His mom has a drinking problem, but sheās not to blame for him screwing up, and it hurts her every time he does, but she has no real power over him anymore ā¦ he wants to go straight because he feels heās letting his mom down, but heās good at stealing cars, and like any kid he takes pride in his talents even if those talents are used illegally. Thereās a very pretty, shy girl in school he has crush on, and sheād like to get to know him better, but his reputation precedes him, and her parents wonāt let her date himā¦. Heās shy, too. This could be another story line. Think about it.
The biography continues for another page, but this excerpt is enough to get a sense of how I used the journal to help me learn about the main character I wanted to create. Not everything I wrote found a place in the scriptāthat wasnāt the intention of the sketchābut one scene and an actual storyline did come from it. For the scene, I show Nick coming home from work and finding his mother drunk and in bed with her boyfriend, and if I remember correctly, to get him out of the apartment, she sends him to the store for a pack of cigarettes. The storyline involves the girl Nick likes and ultimately leads to the writing of several different scenes dramatizing their situation and the forces that keep them apart. In the end, however, the relationship angle took up too much screen time and was dropped for a less complicated version.
But thatās another story.
What matters is how journaling can help the writer come up with ideas, kind of a warm-up to a bigger process. The next step is building on those ideas, discarding some and fleshing out others, developing characters and motives, and arranging the scenes in a logical, meaningful sequence with a firm sense of a beginning, middle, and end. Whether you write your thoughts down in a journal or try to store them all in your head, which I donāt recommend, story begins when you begin to dream and brainstorm about people and their problems. Heroes without flaws, like stories without tension, offer little insight into the human condition.
We learn more from our losses and mistakes than our successes and victories. Better the protagonist changes and grows as a result of his or her trials and tribulations than languishes in ignorance, no wiser for the journey. In my own life Iāve made plenty of mistakes, too many, but I like to think I havenāt repeated them all. Regret and guilt are sometimes our wisest companions. Keeping a journal, if youāre capable of being honest with yourself, can facilitate a deeper understanding of the role youāve played in some of lifeās conflicts. The same is true for storytelling. Our characters either overcome their troubles or succumb to them, and inherent in the term succumb is defeat. Those who give up against adversity or fail to learn from their personal blunders donāt garner our respect, and after a while, if they donāt take responsibility for themselves, they lose our interest and empathy.
Iāve written a few novels, a collection of short stories, and most recently a memoir titled The Los Angeles Diaries. The jacket copy describes it as follows: āPlagued by the suicides of both his siblings, heir to alcohol and drug abuse, divorce and economic ruin, James Brown lived a life clouded by addiction, broken promises and despairā¦. Personal failure, heartbreak, the trials for writing for Hollywood and the life-shattering events finally convince Brown that he must āchange or die.āā
Itās a cheery little book, just two hundred pages, but it took me four years to write and thirty-plus to gather the materials to write it. Going in, before I even began taking notes, I had some definite ideas about how I wanted to structure the book. Iād read too many autobiographies and memoirs that paid close attention to chronology, too close in my opinion, and it came at a cost. Often the connecting material linking one event to another simply to maintain a linear structure struck me as expendable.
Not all experience is worth chronicling.
Maybe something significant happened to you as a junior in high school. Maybe thatās when you suffered your first heartbreak. If you were to follow a tight chronology you might feel obliged to begin the story in your freshman year when you first laid eyes on the person who would later break your heart and work forward from there. The next thing you know, in order to get from point A to point B, youāre filling pages with extraneous details just to pass the time, so you can get to your main story. Thatās what I wanted to avoid in The Los Angeles Diaries. The fluff. The filler.
The events that serve most to shape and define us are often the most tragic and blessed ones. Thatās what I was after in my memoir. I wanted to isolate the most defining moments in life and construct stories around them. The suicide of my brother. The suicide of my sister. Our motherās arrest. And since memory itself is by no means sequential, I decided to skip around in time. In one chapter Iām forty-something, in the next Iām six, but in the end Iāve covered the central periods of life. Childhood. Adolescence. Middle age. Thereās a beginning, middle, and endājust not in that order.
So how does this relate to journaling?
Where for the script I used the journal to write a character biography, in the case of the memoir I recorded specific memories. A pivotal moment in the lives of my brother, sister, and me was when sheriffās deputies came to arrest our mother on suspicion of murder and arson. I wrote these notes mostly to help me recall the details of that ugly night, and I used them not just in the memoir but also in an earlier book, Final Performance, an autobiographical novel revolving around many of the same subjects and events I deal with in The Los Angeles Diaries:
Remember the night they came for Mom. Remember you and Barry and Marilyn stretched out on the floor. Weāre watching TV. What was playing? The Blob? House of Wax? Iām not sure, but I know it was a scary movie. Mom either heard them first or saw them first or both. The tick of gravel beneath the tires of the cruiser coming into the driveway, headlights off, motor dead. She grabbed us and pulled us behind the couch. I remember she was in her nightgown and she was scared. We were all scared. The smell of her sweat. Flashlights through the living room windows, the beams crisscrossing on the ceiling. She holds you tight.
The compilation of one authentic detail after another makes for vivid, memorable prose. This particular entry recalls visceral details of smell, sight, and touch, and I later basically just lifted what Iād written in the journal and constructed a scene from it. Of course, it all needed lots of work, but from that scene I built a story.
The journal is a tool, and Iāve used it to write character biographies before beginning a story, while Iām actually writing the story, and sometimes even afterward when I have a first draft done but donāt feel Iāve fully captured my characters. In my college creative writing classes I occasionally require the students to keep a journal and use it to sketch scenes and create fictional biographies for the stories they plan to write. Sometimes I ask them to go to the local Starbucks and eavesdrop on a conversation, recording it verbatim, so that they can see the difference between real talk and the polished dialogue in the books I have them read.
As a writer of highly personal fiction and nonfiction, I extract from my journals the fragments of memory and shoot to make them whole. In that process more details inevitably reveal themselves and further enrich the work. Memory is fallible, however. The powers of recollection fade with age; mental images, sensory details, old feelings, and emotions are all too often driven beneath the surface of our consciousness. This is especially true of memories that are painful to recall, and for some maybe thatās a good thing, because in forgetting there may follow a necessary peace. Writers, however, canāt afford the same luxury. We need to hang on to our experiences, both the crushing and joyous, and through reflection, either by keeping a journal before we begin a project or during its writing, we hope to come to a better understanding of who we are, what weāve become, and where weāre going. Thatās where youāll find your best stories, the ones that make sense out of the chaos we call our lives.
THE USE OF THE JOURNAL IN WRITING THE PRIVATE EYE NOVEL
Sue Grafton
The most valuable tool I employ in the writing of a private eye novel is the working journal. The process is one I began in rudimentary form when I first started work on āAā Is for Alibi, though all I retain of that journal now are a few fragmentary notes. With āBā Is for Burglar, I began to refine the method and from āCā Is for Corpse on, Iāve kept a daily log of work in progress. This notebook (usually four times longer than the novel itself) is like a letter to myself, detailing every idea that occurs to me as I proceed. Some ideas I incorporate, some I modify, many I discard. The journal is a record of my imagination at work, from the first spark of inspiration to the final manuscript. Here I record my worries and concerns, my dead ends, my occasional triumphs, all the difficulties I face as the narrative unfolds. The journal contains solutions to all the problems that arise in the course of the writing. Sometimes the breakthroughs are sudden; more often the answers are painstakingly arrived at through trial and error.
One of my theories about writing is that the process involves an ongoing interchange between Left Brain and Right. The journal provides a testing ground where the two can engage. Left Brain is analytical, linear, the timekeeper, the bean counter, the critic and editor, a valuable ally in the shaping of the mystery novel or any piece of writing for that matter. Right Brain is creative, spatial,...