Bronze Age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe

Marija Gimbutas

• Publisher: De Gruyter Mouton
• Year: 2011
• Print ISBN: 9783111283418
• eBook ISBN: 9783111668147
• Edition: 1
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: Ancient History
• Index: History

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Table of contents

• FOREWORD
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• ABBREVIATIONS OF SERIAL PUBLICATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS
• TRANSLITERATION
• INTRODUCTION
• PART I: STUDY IN CHRONOLOGY
• INTRODUCTION
• I. EARLY BRONZE AGE, CA. 1800 B.C.–CA. 1450 B.C
• A. Early Bronze Age from ca. 1800 B.C.–ca. 1650 B.C
• 1. Commercial relations between eastern central Europe and the Near East
• 2. Roughly coeval assemblages in central and eastern Europe as shown by widely distributed classes of artifacts
• 3. Conclusions
• B. Early Bronze Age from ca. 1650 B.C.–ca. 1450 B.C
• 1. Amber trade between the Baltic Sea, central Europe, Greece, and the Caucasus
• 2. Faïence beads in central and eastern Europe
• 3. Gold trade
• 4. Mycenaean-Minoan influences on central Europe
• 5. Mycenaean influences in the northern Pontic area and the commercial relations between the Black Sea, the Caucasus, and the Near East
• 6. Conclusions
• II. MIDDLE BRONZE AGE, CA. 1450 B.C.–CA. 1250 B.C
• A. Relations between central Europe and the Mycenaean culture of the Late Helladic III A period
• 1. The wide distribution of central European bronzes in connection with the influence and expansion of the “Tumulus people” ca. 1450 B.C.–ca. 1325/1300 B.C
• 2. The period of differentiation typified by regional bronze forms, ca. 1325/1300–ca. 1250 B.C.; late Tumulus phase
• B. Commercial relations between the Aegean and northern Pontic area, the Caucasus, and the Near East
• 1. Amber trade with the Near East and the Caucasus. A figurine of the Hittite thunder or lightning god in Lithuania
• 2. Aegean double-axes northwest of the Black Sea
• 3. Aegean (Late Helladic III A) relations with the Caucasus
• 4. Near Eastern, Caucasian, and northern Pontic relations
• C. Commercial relations between central, southern, and eastern Russia, Siberia, and China
• 1. The Sejma assemblage in eastern central Russia and its affinities
• 2. The Pokrovsk assemblage of the Timber-grave culture and its affinities
• 3. The Abashevo assemblage of finds between central Russia and the southern Urals and its affinities
• 4. The Galich hoard of northern Russia
• 5. Conclusions
• III. LATE BRONZE AGE, CA. 1250 B.C.–CA. 750 B.C
• A. Late Bronze Age contemporary with the Final Late Helladic period in Greece
• 1. Parallels between central Europe and Greece during the end of the Late Helladic III B and III C periods
• 2. The western Ukrainian-Moldavian and northern Caucasian assemblages of finds: their relationships to Transcaucasia and Iran and to eastern central Europe
• 3. Conclusions
• B. Late Bronze Age contemporary with Sub-Mycenaean, Protogeometric and Early Geometric Greece and Previllanovan and early Villanovan Italy
• 1. Urnfield III in central Europe, from the end of the twelfth century to ca. 1000 B.C
• 2. Urnfield IV in central Europe from ca. 1000–900/850 B.C
• 3. Urnfield V in central Europe: 900/850–ca. 750 B.C
• 4. Conclusions
• REFERENCES TO PART I
• PART II: CULTURAL GROUPS
• IV. THE CULTURES IN EASTERN CENTRAL EUROPE
• A. Local Survivals During the Early Bronze Age
• 1. The Pecica culture in the lower Tisza and lower Mures area
• 2. The Nagyrev and Hatvan cultures in eastern Hungary and Slovakia
• B. Cultural Groups of Kurgan Origin
• 1. The Otomani culture
• 2. The Monteoru culture in eastern Rumania
• References
• V. THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN ÚNěTICE-TUMULUS-URNFIELD CULTURE
• 1. The Únětice Period, ca. 1800 B.C.–ca. 1450 B.C
• 2. The Tumulus Period, ca. 1450–ca. 1250 B.C
• 3. The Urnfield period, from ca. 1250 B.C. to the beginning of the Iron Age
• References
• VI. BALTIC CULTURE IN THE SOUTHEASTERN BALTIC AREA, EASTERN POLAND, NORTHERN VOLYNIA, BYELO-RUSSIA, AND WESTERN GREAT RUSSIA
• 1. The Baltic Corded period. Beginning of the second millennium B.C. to ca. 1700/1600 B.C
• 2. The Baltic Early Bronze Age, ca. 1700/1600–ca. 1450/1400 B.C
• 3. The Baltic Middle Bronze Age or “Trzciniec” period, ca. 1450/1400 B.C.–ca. 1250 B.C
• 4. The Classical Baltic Period, ca. 1250 B.C.–ca. 1100 B.C
• 5. The Late Baltic Bronze Age, ca. 1100 B.C.–ca. 750 B.C
• 6. The Late Bronze Age in the land of the eastern Baits
• References
• VII. THE NORTH CARPATHIAN CULTURE
• 1. The beginnings of the North Carpathian Kurgan culture
• 2. The Early Bronze Age, or the Bilopotok period, ca. 1800 B.C.–ca. 1450/1400 B.C
• 3. The Middle Bronze Age or Komarov period, ca. 1450/1400 B.C.–ca. 1250 B.C
• 4. The Late Bronze Age, ca. 1250 B.C. to the 8th century B.C
• References
• VIII. THE NORTH PONTIC OR CIMMERIAN CULTURE
• A. General characteristics
• B. Chronological classification
• 1. The Catacomb-grave period, ca. 2000–ca. 1800/1750 B.C
• 2. The Post Catacomb-grave period
• C. Were the North Pontic people the historical Cimmerians?
• References
• X. THE PROTO-SCYTHIAN TIMBER-GRAVE CULTURE IN THE LOWER VOLGA BASIN AND ITS WESTWARD EXPANSION
• A. General characteristics
• B. Habitation sites and economy
• C. Art, burial rites, and other observations connected with religion and social structure
• D. Chronological classification
• 1. The Early Timber-grave culture or Poltavka period, ca. 2000–ca. 1800 B.C
• 2. The Classical Timber-grave culture, ca. 1800 B.C.–ca. 1100 B.C
• 3. The Late Timber-grave culture, ca. 1100 B.C.–ca. 800 B.C
• 4. Westward expansion of late Timber-grave people
• E. Were the Timber-grave people the Proto-Scythians?
• References
• X. THE FAT’JANOVO BLOC IN CENTRAL RUSSIA: THE FAT’JANOVO PROPER, BALANOVO AND ABASHEVO COMPLEXES
• 1. The Early Bronze Age, ca. 1800 B.C.–ca. 1450 B.C
• 2. The Middle Bronze Age, ca. 1450 B.C.–ca. 1250 B.C
• References
• XI. THE TURBINO CULTURE IN EASTERN RUSSIA AND NORTHWESTERN SIBERIA
• A. Distribution and discovery
• B. Settlement pattern and economy
• C. Burial rites, religion, and art
• D. Physical type
• E. Chronological classification
• 1. Early Turbino, ca. 2000 B.C.–1500 B.C
• 2. The Classical Turbino period, ca. 1500 B.C.–ca. 1100 B.C
• 3. The Late Turbino period, ca. 1100 B.C.–900/800 B.C
• References
• XII. CULTURES IN THE NORTHEASTERN BALTIC AREA AND NORTHWESTERN RUSSIA
• 1. The Textile Pottery group
• 2. The Asbestos ware in eastern Finland, northern Karelia, and northern Russia
• 3. The Kiukais group in southwestern Finland
• 4. The Stone-Barrow culture of the Late Bronze Age in western Finland and Estonia
• References
• INDEX OF PLACE AND PERSONAL NAMES, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND CULTURES
• PLATES