Chadian and Sudanese Arabic in the Light of Comparative Arabic Dialectology

Alan S. Kaye

• Publisher: De Gruyter Mouton
• Year: 2015
• Print ISBN:
  9789027933249
• eBook ISBN:
  9783110803365
• Topic: Languages & Linguistics
• Subtopic: Languages
• Index: Languages & Linguistics

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Table of contents

• Preface
• Table of Contents
• Abbreviations
• 1. Sudanese Colloquial Arabic: The State of the Art
• 1.1. Dialects of Arabic in the Sudan
• 1.2. Historical background of the linguistic structure of the Sudan
• 1.3. Diversity of dialects
• 1.4. The need for the first English-Arabic vocabulary
• 1.5. Purpose of a vocabulary
• 1.6. Characteristics of SCA
• 1.7. The earliest manuscripts in SCA
• 1.8. Linguistic features of SCA manuscripts
• 1.9. Variety of material recorded in the tabaqat
• 1.10. Early structure of SCA
• 1.11. Poetic structure of the Šukriyya dialect
• 1.12. Importance of Amery’s work
• 1.13. Amery’s approach to the language
• 1.14. Transcriptional procedure
• 1.15. Shortcomings of Amery’s transcription
• 1.16. Voiced pharyngeal spirant in Amery’s transcription
• 1.17. Further inadequacies in Amery’s transcription
• 1.18. Classical Arabic influence on Amery’s transcription
• 1.19. Classicisms in ‘pure’ SCA vocabulary
• 1.20. ‘Purity’ of the Arabic of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
• 1.21. Another treatise of SCA
• 1.22. Sudanese grammar — standard work on SCA
• 1.23. Nalder’s criticism
• 1.24. Shortcomings of Worsley’s and Trimingham’s grammars
• 1.25. Worsley’s statement on description of Sudanese sounds
• 1.26. Influence of emphatic consonants
• 1.27. Trimingham’s statement on the same problem
• 1.28. Counterpoint to Worsley’s statement
• 1.29. Occurrence of hamza in SCA
• 1.30. Changes of’
• 1.31. Accent in SCA
• 1.32. Increasing publicity of SCA
• 1.33. Value of Hillelson’s vocabulary
• 1.34. Hillelson’s contribution to the transcription of SCA
• 1.35. Hillelson’s concept of a koine for SCA
• 1.36. Shortcomings of Hillelson’s generalizations
• 1.37. Uniqueness of Hillelson’s generalizations
• 1.38. Specialized vocabularies of SCA
• 1.39. Nicholson and his specialized vocabulary on the water wheel
• 1.40. Bell’s vocabulary and its shortcomings
• 1.41. Burton’s work
• 1.42. Failures of Burton’s description of Arabic sounds ,
• 1.43. Conveniences of Burton’s work
• 1.44. Hillelson’s Sudan Arabic Texts
• 1.45. Modifications of orthography
• 1.46. Value of Hillelson’s texts
• 1.47. Hillelson’s texts as a beginning towards a comparative grammar of SCA dialects
• 1.48. Dialectal variations in SCA
• 1.49. Manuscripts of SCA dialectology
• 1.50. Importance of Czapkiewicz’s articles
• 1.51. Some SCA proverbs according to Czapkiewicz
• 1.52. Other works on SCA proverbs
• 1.53. Nursery rhymes
• 1.54. Atiyah 1918
• 1.55. Polite phrases and idioms in SCA
• 1.56. Barclay 1964
• 1.57. Trimingham 1946
• 1.58. Second edition of Trimingham’s grammar
• 1.59. Ferguson’s criticism of Trimingham’s work
• 1.60. Defects of Trimingham’s work
• 1.61. Further inadequacies
• 1.62. False generalizations
• 1.63. SCA influence in the Sudan
• 1.64. The need for future SCA studies
• 1.65. Lack of SCA syntactic analysis in previous works
• 1.66. Shortcomings of phonemic analysis of SCA
• 1.67. Need for an Arabic-English dictionary
• 1.68. Future areas for studies of SCA dialects
• 1.69. Amery 1905
• 1.70. Barclay 1965
• 1.71. Burton 1934
• 1.72. Czapkiewicz 1959
• 1.73. Czapkiewicz 1960
• 1.74. Davies 1925
• 1.75. Davies 1926
• 1.76. Davies 1927
• 1.77. Farmer 1939
• 1.78. Ferguson 1949
• 1.79. Field 1952
• 1.80. Hillelson 1921
• 1.81. Hillelson 1925a
• 1.82. Hillelson 1935
• 1.83. Kensdale 1955
• 1.84. MacLaughlin 1964
• 1.85. Trimingham 1946
• 1.86 Worsley 1925
• 1.87. Conclusion
• Notes to Ch. 1
• 2. Chadian Arabic: The State of the Art
• 2.1. Central African varieties of Arabic
• 2.2. Varieties of Chadian Arabic
• 2.3. Pidgin Arabic–Immigrant Arabic–Abéché Arabic
• 2.4. Influence of Arabic on other African languages
• 2.5. Publications on Arabic dialectology
• 2.6. Fleisch’s article on Chadian Arabic
• 2.7. Sources on Chadian Arabic
• 2.8. Lethem’s work as the main source
• 2.9. Lethem 1920—the title page
• 2.10. The purpose of Lethem’s book
• 2.11. Some highlights of Lethem’s volume
• 2.12. Lethem’s introductory note
• 2.13. The origin of the Shuwa Arabs
• 2.14. Shuwa Arabic–its characteristics
• 2.15. Consonantal segments
• 2.16. Vocalic segments
• 2.17. Personal pronouns
• 2.18. Pronominal sufixes
• 2.19. The verb ‘to be’
• 2.20. The verb ‘to have’
• 2.21. The negation of nominal sentences
• 2.22. Interrogation
• 2.23. Perfect
• 2.24. Imperfect
• 2.25. Imperative
• 2.26. Negative imperative
• 2.27. Active participle
• 2.28. Passive participle
• 2.29. The use of the perfect and imperfect
• 2.30. The particle hana ‘of’
• 2.31. Demonstrative pronouns
• 2.32. Relative pronouns
• 2.33. The definite article
• 2.34. Gender
• 2.35. The dual
• 2.36. Sound plural
• 2.37. Broken plural
• 2.38. Collective nouns
• 2.39. Cardinal numbers
• 2.40. Ordinal numbers
• 2.41. 122 verbs
• 2.42. Hamzated verbs
• 2.43. w23 verbs
• 2.44. 1w/y3 verbs
• 2.45. 12y verbs
• 2.46. Doubly weak verbs
• 2.47. ja ‘to come’ and ra?a ‘to regard’
• 2.48. Quadriliteral verbs
• 2.49. Form II
• 2.50. Form III
• 2.51. Form IV
• 2.52. Forms V and VI
• 2.53. Form VII
• 2.54. Form VIII
• 2.55. Form IX
• 2.56. Form X
• 2.57. Common prepositions with suffixes
• 2.58. Materials on Abéché Arabic
• 2.59. Chadian Arabic text
• 2.60. Sources of Chadian Arabic text
• 2.61. Dictionaries for Chadian Arabic
• 2.62. An Abéché Arabic text
• 2.63. Translations of the New Testament into Chadian Arabic
• 2.64. David Cohen’s statement
• 2.65. A note on informants for Chadian Arabic
• Notes to Ch. 2
• 3. The Arabic Koine
• 3.1. Modern Arabic dialects
• 3.2. Ferguson 1959c
• 3.3 Descent of modern Arabic dialects
• 3.4. Classical Arabic–the Arabiyya
• 3.5. Modern dialects as continuations of one homogeneous koine
• 3.6. Origin of the koine — Ferguson’s hypothesis
• 3.7. Ferguson’s hypothesis — continuation
• 3.8. “Drift’ in Arabic
• 3.9. Bloch 1971
• 3.10 Ferguson’s fourteen features of the koine
• 3.11. Numeration, transcription and names of the features
• 3.12. The purpose of the critique of Ferguson’s hypothesis
• 3.13. Feature I — Loss of the dual
• 3.14. Haim Blanc’s statement
• 3.15. Diachronic aspects of feature I — Blanc 1970
• 3.16. Completion of the loss of the dual
• 3.17. Middle Arabic dialects — general
• 3.18. Blanc’s conclusion
• 3.19. Feature II — taltalah
• 3.20. Dialects vs. classical language — Bloch’s statement
• 3.21. Some differences between the modern Arabic dialects and classical Arabic
• 3.22. Bloch’s argument vs. Ferguson’s argument
• 3.23. Common features of Akkadian and classical Arabic
• 3.24. Ugaritic
• 3.25. Imperfect pardigm of Hebrew, Syriac, and Ethiopic
• 3.26. Case of preformative vowel
• 3.27. Weak verb
• 3.28. Feature III — Loss of final-HOW verbs
• 3.29. Feature III as an aspect of ‘drift’
• 3.30. Feature IV — re-formation of geminate verbs
• 3.31. Feature IV compared to other classical Semitic languages
• 3.32. Overall tendency within Semitic
• 3.33. Feature V — the verb suffix -l-
• 3.34. Feature V compared to other Semitic languages
• 3.35. Numerals
• 3.36. Feature VI — cardinal numbers 3-10
• 3.37. ‘Polarity’ — common feature to the Semitic languages
• 3.38. Bloch’s statement
• 3.39. Damascus Arabic short forms of the numerals
• 3.40. Moroccan Arabic short forms of the numerals
• 3.41. The major thesis
• 3.42. The Wackernagel-Meillet principle
• 3.43. Bisyllabic forms of the numerals occurring in isolation; Bloch’s analogy
• 3.44. Feature VII—/t/in the numbers 13-19
• 3.45. The compound nature of the numerals 13-19
• 3.46. Presence of emphatic /t/ — a striking feature
• 3.47. Feature VIII — loss of the feminine comparative
• 3.48. Feminine comparative
• 3.49. Classical Arabic feminine ‘elative’
• 3.50. Feature IX — adjective plural fu’al
• 3.51. Koine — explanation of feature IX
• 3.52. Feature X — nisbah suffix -iyy>*-i
• 3.53. Blau’s statement concerning feature X
• 3.54. Blau’s statement concerning tendencies of Arabic dialects
• 3.55. Blau’s statement concerning the subdivision problems of Semitic
• 3.56. Lexicographical differences between classical Arabic and the dialects
• 3.57. Ferguson’s statement concerning loss of various particles in classical Arabic
• 3.58. Problems of the reconstruction of lexical items
• 3.59. Feature XI — the verb ‘to bring’
• 3.60. On feature XI
• 3.61. Feature XII — the verb ‘to see’
• 3.62. On feature XII
• 3.63. Feature XIII – the relative * ?illi
• 3.64. Blau’s opinion concerning ?illi
• 3.65. Judaeo-Arabic concerning ?illi
• 3.66. Christian vs. Judaeo-Arabic
• 3.67. Relative particle ?al-
• 3.68. Brief comments on the phonology of the dialects
• 3.69. Two phonological features for the koine
• 3.70. Short vowels in reconstruction
• 3.71. Feature XIV — the merger of dad and δα?
• 3.72. Merging of d and δ in Middle Arabic dialects
• 3.73. An aspect of the general Semitic ‘drift’
• 3.74. Arguments in favor of general ‘drift’
• 3.75. Ancient dialects — Blau’s argument
• 3.76. Homogeneous character of Arabic dialects
• 3.77. Fourteen features of the koine — conclusion
• Notes to Ch. 3
• 4. Sudanese Colloquial Arabic in the Light of the Arabic Koine
• 4.1 The fourteen koine features and SCA
• 4.2. Feature I4
• 4.3. Feature II5
• 4.4. Age and area hypothesis
• 4.5. SCA — descendant of an old Arabic dialect
• 4.6. Feature III7
• 4.7. Feature IV8
• 4.8. The Arabic koine
• 4.9. Feature V12
• 4.10. Feature VI14
• 4.11. The distribution of the numeral forms
• 4.12. Dialects in relation to the forms of cardinal numbers
• 4.13. SCA and its distribution of the cardinal numbers
• 4.14. Original state of affairs regarding cardinal numbers in SCA
• 4.15. Feature VII19
• 4.16. Feature VII19 — striking feature of the koine
• 4.17. Feature VIII22
• 4.18. Feature IX23
• 4.19. Feature X25
• 4.20. Blau’s explanation regarding feature X
• 4.21. Feature XI26
• 4.22. Feature XII27
• 4.23. Derivatives of the root r?y in SCA
• 4.24. Iraqi Arabic
• 4.25. Loan words from MSA in SCA
• 4.26. Feature XIII33
• 4.27. The SCA use of the definite article
• 4.28. Relative particle in the koine
• 4.29. The Middle SCA’s use of the relative particle
• 4.30. Feature XIV35
• 4.31. Gurage dialects
• 4.32. Leslau’s argument regarding the morphology of Gurage dialects
• 4.33. Argument on koine hypothesis
• 4.34. PCA
• 4.35. Arguments for and against the postulation of an Arabic koine
• Notes to Ch. 4
• 5. Chadian Arabic in the Light of the Arabic Koine
• 5.1. The fourteen koine features and Chadian Arabic
• 5.2. Feature I4
• 5.3. Adjective seme ‘good’
• 5.4. Feature II6
• 5.5. Chadian Arabic — an SCA offshoot
• 5.6. Feature III9
• 5.7. Feature IV10
• 5.8. Peculiarity of Chadian Arabic
• 5.9. Another proof for the common origin of Chadian Arabic and SCA
• 5.10. Feature V11
• 5.11. Abu Absi and Sinaud on feature V
• 5.12. Feature VI16
• 5.13. African influence in Chadian Arabic
• 5.14. Speculation about the original state of affairs in Chadian Arabic
• 5.15. Problem in determining the actual facts
• 5.16. Feature VII18
• 5.17. Forms with ?
• 5.18. Emphasis in the numerals in Nomadic Chadian Arabic
• 5.19. Feature VlII19
• 5.20. Feature IX20
• 5.21. Feature X22
• 5.22. Feature XI23
• 5.23. Feature XII24
• 5.24. Modification of the facts regarding feature XII
• 5.25. Difficulty in explaining the diachronics of the situation
• 5.26. Feature XIII31
• 5.27. The Chadian Arabic use of the definite article
• 5.28. Feature XIV32
• 5.29. Conclusion — SCA and Chadian Arabic regarding the koine hypothesis
• Notes to Ch. 5
• Map of Chad and the Sudan
• References
• Index