Verbs in Medieval English

Differences in Verb Choice in Verse and Prose

Michiko Ogura

• Publisher: De Gruyter Mouton
• Year: 2013
• Print ISBN:
  9783110144260
• eBook ISBN:
  9783110823646
• Topic: Languages & Linguistics
• Subtopic: Languages
• Index: Languages & Linguistics

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Table of contents

• Preface
• Table of abbreviations
• Texts examined
• Chapter 1. Introduction to verbal syntax
• 1. Inflections
• 1.1. Strong verbs
• 1.2. Weak verbs
• 1.3. Preterit-present verbs
• 1.4. Anomalous verbs
• 2. Distinct forms of verbs
• 2.1. Present forms
• 2.2. Preterit forms
• 2.3. Infinitives — simple and inflected
• 2.4. Participles
• 2.5. Imperatives
• 2.6. Subjunctives
• 3. Morphological ambiguity
• 3.1. The ending -e
• 3.2. The endings -an, -on, and -en
• 3.3. The endings -a, -ia, and -e (Late Old English and Middle English pl.)
• 4. Distinctive features of verbs
• 4.1. Intransitive and transitive
• 4.2. Copulas
• 4.3. ‘Impersonal’ verbs
• 4.4. Verbs with genitive (including reflexive)
• 4.5. Verbs with dative (including ‘impersonal’ and reflexive)
• 4.6. Verbs with accusative (including ‘impersonal’ and reflexive)
• 4.7. Verbs with genitive and dative (including ‘impersonal’ and reflexive)
• 4.8. Verbs with genitive and accusative (including ‘impersonal’ and reflexive)
• 4.9. Verbs with dative and accusative (including ‘impersonal’ and reflexive)
• 4.10. Verbs with accusative and accusative (including ‘impersonal’ and reflexive)
• 4.11. Verbs with accusative and adverbial dative
• 4.12. Verbs with prepositional object
• 4.13. Verbs with infinitive
• 4.14. Verbs with dependent clause
• Chapter 2. Conflicts between native verbs
• 1. Be- verbs (beon, wesan, [ge]weorðan)
• 2. Verbs of motion (gan,faran,feran, gewitan)
• 3. Verbs of saying, commanding, bidding and asking (cweðan, secgan, tellan; [be]beodan, hatan, uton; biddan, acsian, frignan)
• 4. Verbs of thinking and believing (hycgan, encan, geencan, wenan; fultruwian, geliefan, geortruwian, truwian, beliefan)
• 5. Verbs of knowing ([ge]cnawan, ongitan, witan, oncnawan, understandan)
• 6. Verbs of seeing ([ge]seon, locian, behealdan, [ge]sceawian, hawian, wlitan)
• 7. Verbs of causing, making and allowing (don, loetan, macian,fremman, wyrcan)
• 8. Verbs of getting and possessing (onfon, niman, [ge]healdan; habban, [n]agan)
• 9. Verbs of obligation and necessity (gedafenian, gerisan, sculan; urfan, beurfan, neodian)
• 10. Verbs of helping (fylstan,fultumian, helpan)
• 11. Verbs of teaching (loeran, toecan)
• 12. Verbs of giving (syllan, giefan)
• 13. Verbs of killing and dying ([a]cwellan, [of]slean; beon dead, deadian, sweltan)
• 14. Verbs of living and dwelling (libban, wunian, eardian,buan, dwellen)
• 15. Other verbs that show conflicts
• 15.1 Verbs of esteeming, praising, worshipping (weorðian, [ge]eadmian, gebiddan, lofian, herg[i]an)
• 15.2 Gemetan and findan
• 15.3 Verbs of gathering ([ge]somnian, [ge]gadrian)
• 15.4 Verbs of opening (ontynan, openian)
• 15.5 Verbs of refusing, opposing, forbidding (forsacan, wiðsacan, forbeodan, werian)
• 15.6 Verbs of hating (laðian, feogan, hatian)
• 15.7 Verbs of deceiving (beswican, geswican, leogan)
• 15.8 Verbs of fearing (ondroedan, droedan, fylhtan)
• 15.9 Verbs of leading and bringing ([ge]loedan, [a-, ge-]teon, bringan)
• 15.10 Verbs of working (winnan, wyrcan, swincan)
• 15.11 Verbs of taking care and being anxious about (gieman, carian, behealdan, sorgian, beon gemyndig, ymbhycgan)
• 15.12 Verbs of building (tymbrian, aroeran)
• 15.13 Verbs of listening, hearkening, hearing (hlystan, heorcnian, hieran)
• Chapter 3. Conflicts between native verbs and loan verbs
• A. Native verbs vs. Old Norse loans
• 1. Verbs of happening (gelimpan, becuman, happen)
• 2. Verbs of saying (cleopian, callen)
• 3. Verbs of thinking (yncan, semen)
• 4. Verbs of getting (niman, taken)
• 5. Verbs of dreaming (moetan, dremen)
• 6. Other verbs that show conflicts
• 6.1 Verbs of throwing (sendan, [ge]weoran, casten)
• 6.2 Auxiliary verbs (gøra, can/con/gan, do, make)
• B. Native verbs vs. Anglo-French or Old French loans
• 1. Verbs of liking and disliking (cwemen, lician, lystan, plesen)
• 2. Verbs of doubting (tweo[ga]n, tweonian, douten)
• 3. Verbs of judgment (deman, juggen)
• 4. Verbs of remembering ([ge]myndi[g]an, mynegian, remembren)
• 5. Verbs of serving (egnian, geembehtan, serven, ministren)
• 6. Other verbs that show conflicts
• 6.1 Verbs of entering (entren, comen/gon)
• 6.2 Verbs of curing (gieman, lecnian, [ge]hoelan)
• 6.3 Verbs of crying (cleopian, crien)
• 6.4 Verbs of catching (cach[i]er, lahte,claurede, clahte)
• Chapter 4. Verbs that became obsolete and archaic by the end of Middle English
• 1. The loss of prefixed verbs
• 2. The loss of poetic words
• 3. The influx of loan words
• Chapter 5. Resulting syntactic changes in Old and Middle English
• 1. Passive vs. man-periphrasis and active
• 2. Transitive vs. reflexive and/or intransitive
• 3. ‘Impersonal’ vs. personal
• 4. Simple vs. periphrasis
• 4.1. Simple or prefixed verb vs. phrasal verb
• 4.2. Simple verb vs. ‘verb + adjective/noun/participle’
• 4.3. Simple verb vs. ‘auxiliary + infinitive’
• Chapter 6. Conclusion
• Notes
• Select bibliography
• Appendix
• Index of Old English verbs