Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic
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Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic

  1. 717 pages
  2. English
  3. PDF
  4. Available on iOS & Android
eBook - PDF

Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic

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Yes, you can access Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic by Rudolf Macuch in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Languages & Linguistics & Grammar & Punctuation. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.

Table of contents

  1. Preface
  2. Contents
  3. Abbreviations
  4. Introduction
  5. Preliminary Remarks on Pronunciation of Mandaic
  6. I. SCRIPT AND PRONUNCIATION
  7. § I. Abāgāda (name of the alphabet and number of letters)
  8. § 2. Alphabet
  9. § 3. Spelling
  10. § 4. Order of letters
  11. § 5. The letter ḏ-
  12. §6. Supplementary letters
  13. § 7. Double consonants
  14. § 8. Scriptio plena
  15. a) Front vowels
  16. b) Central vowels
  17. c) Back vowels
  18. § 9. Length and timbre of vowels
  19. a) æ,a,ā
  20. b) e,i,ī
  21. c) u, ū, o, ō
  22. § 10. Diphthongs
  23. a) Original
  24. b) Secondary
  25. c) In Arabic and Persian loan-words
  26. § 11. Economy in the use of the letters ṣ, h, u
  27. a) uh, hu, uṣ and un
  28. b) uṣ and hn
  29. § 12. Šwa mobile
  30. a) Changed to a šwa quiescens
  31. b) Šwa mobile remained
  32. c) Full vowel restored
  33. § 13. Prevention of consonantal groups in modern loan-words
  34. § 14. Scriptio defectiva
  35. a) Accidental
  36. b) Regular in special short words
  37. § 15. Proclitics and enclitics
  38. § 16. Conclusion
  39. II. PHONETICS
  40. A. CLASSIFICATION OF PHONEMES
  41. §17. Consonantal and vocal groups
  42. a) Consonants
  43. b) Vowels and Diphthongs
  44. § 18. Relative frequency of consonantal phonemes
  45. § 19. Voiced and unvoiced consonants
  46. B. BEGADKEFAT
  47. § 20. b
  48. g
  49. d
  50. k
  51. p
  52. t
  53. C. LIQUIDS (m,n,l,r)
  54. § 21. Relationship between the four liquids in general
  55. § 22. n > m before labials
  56. § 23. m:b = n:d (n:z, n:g)
  57. a) mb by dissimilation of bb
  58. b) nd, nz by dissimilation of dd, zz
  59. c) ng by dissimilation of gg
  60. d) n before unvoiced plosives
  61. § 24. Etymological n before d, g, z
  62. § 25. Assimilation of n
  63. a) As first radical
  64. b) As last radical before t
  65. § 26. Apocope of plosive liquids
  66. a) m
  67. b) n
  68. c) Syncope of n before gutturals
  69. § 27. n:l
  70. § 28. l:r
  71. § 29. Reduplication of r
  72. D. LABIALS
  73. § 30. Regressive assimilation of sonority
  74. § 31. Progressive assimilation of sonority
  75. § 32. b > w> (β)
  76. § 33. Final b > m
  77. E. DENTALS AND SIBILANTS
  78. § 34. Media t > media d
  79. § 35. Ultima t > ultima d
  80. § 36. Vanishing of dentals
  81. a) For prosodic reasons
  82. b) By syncope after fricatives
  83. c) eϑ + ka > ekka
  84. d) Regressive assimilation of the final t to the modern enclitic d
  85. e) Syncope of t in compounds with bit
  86. f) Different cases of the syncope of d
  87. g) Mod. t > k
  88. h) Mod. t > h
  89. § 37. Relationship between d and ṭ and t and ṭ
  90. § 38. Relationship between d and z
  91. § 39. Emphatics
  92. a) s (z) ṣ > before ṭ
  93. b) ṣ > s (z) before labials and voiced alveolars
  94. § 40. Regressive assimilation of sonority in the sibilants
  95. a) Before voiced plosives
  96. b) Before unvoiced plosives
  97. § 41. Replacement of š by other sibilants
  98. F. PALATALS AND VELARS
  99. § 42. Relationship between g and q
  100. § 43. Relationship between q and k
  101. a) q > k
  102. b) Pahl. -ak > Mand. -qa
  103. § 44. Relationship between g and k
  104. a) k > g
  105. h) g> k
  106. § 45. Syncope of palatals
  107. § 46. g in old loan-words
  108. a) Syncopated
  109. b) Maintained
  110. G. GUTTURALS
  111. § 47. General remarks
  112. § 48. Etymological (?>) h remained
  113. a) As first radical
  114. b) As second radical
  115. § 49. Vanishing of initial ?,?
  116. §50. Vanishing of ?,?,as 2nd radical
  117. §51. Has third radical
  118. a) Preserved before a vowel
  119. b) Preserved before t and ?
  120. c) Vanished
  121. d) Graphical final h
  122. e) Facultatively preserved
  123. § 52. Preservation of final h (< ?) by metathesis
  124. § 53. Original and actual phonetic value of h?
  125. § 54. ?)?,?) > i between two vowels
  126. § 55. Vanishing of ?,?
  127. a) Preceded by a šwa mobile or an auxiliary vowel
  128. b) Preceded by a consonant or a šwa mobile
  129. c) Secondary reduplication of the 2nd radical after the vanishing of the Ist guttural radical
  130. d) 3rd radical after the vanishing of the 2nd guttural radical
  131. e) Vanishing of ?,? as 3rd radical
  132. § 56. Pronunciation of proclitics after the vanishing of ?,? as Ist radical
  133. § 57. Replacing of ?,? by h
  134. a) As initial sound
  135. b) As second radical
  136. c) As third radical
  137. § 58. ???? treated as ???
  138. § 59. Initial ? > q
  139. § 60. Arabic gutturals in modern Mandaic
  140. H. SEMIVOWELS
  141. §61. y
  142. a) Initial
  143. b) Final -?) (a)
  144. § 62. w
  145. a) Initial
  146. b) Middle
  147. c) Syncopated in certain forms of HUA
  148. I. VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS
  149. §63. General remarks
  150. § 64. Shortening of long vowels
  151. §65. Structural influence of a long vowel
  152. a) On the vowel of the preceding syllable
  153. b) On the vowel of the following syllable
  154. § 66. Šwa mobile
  155. § 67. Wavering between vowels
  156. a) Central and front
  157. b) Back and front
  158. §68. Front vowel as combinatory variant of a in closed syllable
  159. § 69. Influence of III r on the preceding e
  160. § 70. Influence of gutturals on the preceding vowel
  161. §71. Short vowels before reduplicated consonants
  162. a) r
  163. b) In the place of a vanished ?
  164. §72. Labialization of vowels
  165. a) Before m
  166. b) Before p,f
  167. c) Before b, ß
  168. d) Progressive labialization
  169. §73. Back vowel instead of the front or central vowels
  170. § 74. Special remarks on long vowels
  171. a) ?
  172. b) ?
  173. c) ?
  174. §75. Diphthongs
  175. a) Original
  176. b) Secondary
  177. §76. Special changes of original diphthongs
  178. a) Final ya > ya, ?
  179. b) Epenthesis
  180. J. SECONDARY VOWELS
  181. § 77. Prosthetic vowel
  182. §78. Dissolution of consonantal groups by auxiliary vowels
  183. § 79. Restoration of a full vowel instead of a šwa
  184. § 80. Full vowel in classical verbal prefixes
  185. §81. Full vowel before verbal endings and enclitics
  186. §82. Auxiliary vowel to prevent gemination
  187. a) In the plural of nouns
  188. b) In verbs???
  189. §83. Secondary vowel preserved by the analogy
  190. § 84. Abuse of the prosthetic vowel
  191. K. OMISSION OF VOWELS
  192. §85. Apocope of unstressed vowels
  193. §86. Graphical omission of initial etymological vowels
  194. §87. Aphaeresis of etymological vowels
  195. §88. Contraction of an initial vowel with the vowel of the proclitic
  196. §89. Syncope
  197. L. ACCENT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE VOCAL STRUCTURE OF THE WORD
  198. §90. General rules
  199. §91. Aphaeresis of unstressed vowels
  200. §92. Syncope of short vowels before the principal accent
  201. §93. Stress of secondary vowels to avoid gemination
  202. § 94. Apocope and syncope of unstressed vowels
  203. §95. Length of the stressed vowel
  204. a) Changes of the length and timbre depending on the change of the accent
  205. b) Change of the degree of aperture
  206. c) Contraction of diphthongs in a stressed syllable
  207. §96. Accent in modern loan-words
  208. a) With short vowel
  209. b) With long vowel
  210. c) With a semivowel (šwa mobile)
  211. § 98. Secondary types of syllabic structure
  212. a) With a vowel preceded by two consonants
  213. b) With a vowel followed by two consonants
  214. § 99. a) In verbs
  215. b) In derivatives from???
  216. a) Of fricative liquids
  217. b) Of plosives
  218. § 101. General remarks
  219. § 102. Combinatory doubling of the consonant in a short open syllable
  220. §103. A. INTERJECTIONS AND ONOMATOPOEIC EXPRESSIONS
  221. §104. Independent personal pronouns
  222. a) Classical
  223. b) Modern
  224. §105. Personal pronouns used enclitically
  225. a) Classical
  226. b) Modem
  227. § 106. Possessive Suffixes
  228. a) Classical
  229. b) Modem
  230. ?) With nouns
  231. ß) With certain participles
  232. ?) Special remarks
  233. §107. Accusative suffixes
  234. a) Classical
  235. b) Modern
  236. 2. Demonstrative pronouns
  237. § 108. h?
  238. § 109. ??, ??
  239. §110. Pointing to the nearer object
  240. §III. Pointing to the farther object
  241. §112. Modern demonstrative pronouns
  242. a) Pointing to the nearer object
  243. b) Pointing to the farther object
  244. 3. Relative pronouns
  245. § 113. a) d?-
  246. b) kd? = modem ke
  247. 4. Interrogative pronouns
  248. § 114. a) Classical
  249. b) Modern
  250. b) Substantives and adjectives
  251. 1. Nouns from biradical roots
  252. § 115. Family members, parts of the body, other common terms
  253. 2. Nouns from three-radical roots without external addition
  254. ?) The simplest formation
  255. § 116. a) fa‘ (a) l
  256. b) With transition of a to i
  257. c) With feminine ending
  258. §117. a) fi‘I
  259. b) With feminine ending
  260. §118. a) fu‘l
  261. b) With feminine ending
  262. ?) With an original short vowel after the Ist and 2nd radicals
  263. § 119. fa‘al
  264. a) masculine form
  265. b) feminine form
  266. c) From roots I w, y
  267. §120. With third radical doubled
  268. ?) With a long vowel after the Ist or 2nd or both first radicals not doubled
  269. § 121. f?‘ al
  270. § 122. f?‘il
  271. § 123. f?‘ul
  272. §124. a) fa‘?l, fi‘ ?l, fu‘?l>p?‘?l
  273. b) With feminine ending
  274. §125. a) f?‘?l > p?‘?l
  275. b) With feminine ending
  276. § 126. fu‘ayl
  277. §127. a) fa‘?l,fi‘?l>p?‘?l
  278. b) With feminine ending
  279. ?) With reduplication of the second radical
  280. § 128. With two short vowels
  281. §129. a) fa‘‘?l
  282. b) With feminine ending
  283. § 130. fi“?l
  284. §131. fu‘‘?l
  285. § 132. fa“?l
  286. a) Qualificative adjectives
  287. b) Verbal adjectives
  288. c) Substantives
  289. d) Feminine forms
  290. §133. With ? after the 2nd radical
  291. a) fa“?l
  292. b) fi‘‘?l
  293. 3. Nouns from quadriradical roots
  294. §134. a) Nomina actionis
  295. b) Concrete nouns by repeating biradical roots
  296. c) By repeating the third radical
  297. d) Concrete nouns ending in -la
  298. e) Various formations
  299. 4. Nouns with prefixes and suffixes
  300. ?) With prefixes
  301. §135. With m-
  302. a) maf‘al
  303. b) mif‘al
  304. c) Feminine forms
  305. d) malif‘?l
  306. e) mif‘?l
  307. f) maf‘?l
  308. §136. Participles with m-
  309. a) Pa. act
  310. b) Pa. pass
  311. c) Af. act
  312. d) Af. pass
  313. §137. Participles with mit-
  314. a) Ethpe
  315. b) Ethpa
  316. c) Ettaf
  317. d) From quadriradical verbs
  318. §138. Rests of pual-participles
  319. § 139. With t-
  320. a) Nomina actionis
  321. b) Concrete nouns
  322. § 140. With a-
  323. § 141. Other forms with a-,‘-, h-
  324. § 142. With n(i)-
  325. ß) With suffixes
  326. § 143. With -?n
  327. a) Abstract and concrete nouns
  328. b) Adjectives
  329. c) Nomina agentis
  330. § 144. Suffix -?n > ?n
  331. § 145. Diminutives with -?n
  332. § 146. With -?m
  333. § 147. With -y?(a)
  334. § 148. With -?
  335. § 149. Abstract nouns with -??(a) > mod. o?ta
  336. a) Classical
  337. b) Modern
  338. § 150. With -ia, -ita
  339. a) Masculine
  340. b) Feminine
  341. ?) With foreign prefixes and suffixes
  342. §151. With bi-, -i, -?i
  343. 5. Compound nouns
  344. § 152. a) With bil and mar
  345. b) With bit, bi-
  346. c) With br, bar
  347. d) With riš
  348. e) With rab
  349. f) With la
  350. g) With numerals
  351. h) Mod. artißel
  352. i) With prepositions
  353. 6. Inflexion of nouns
  354. §153. Status, gender and number
  355. §154. Inflexional endings
  356. a) Classical
  357. b) Modern
  358. §155. Special remarks on inflexion
  359. §156. Inflected forms
  360. §157. Structural differences between the status absolutus and constructus
  361. a) Simple formation
  362. b) Contraction of the diphthong
  363. c) Suppression of the vowel after the first radical
  364. d) p?‘ol as st. abs. of p?‘l?
  365. e) In nouns from ???
  366. §158. Nouns occurring only in the status absolutus or status emphaticus
  367. §159. Nouns with feminine endings
  368. a) Adjectives
  369. b) Substantives
  370. § 160. Feminine nouns without the feminine ending
  371. a) Feminine by nature
  372. b) Animal-names
  373. c) Parts of the body
  374. d) Inanimate objects
  375. e) Earth, elements etc
  376. f) Foreign words
  377. g) Wavering in gender
  378. §161. Final t of the root regarded as a feminine ending
  379. §162. Nouns with feminine ending treated as masculine
  380. a) In the status absolutus
  381. b) With the ending -??a
  382. §163. Classical plurals
  383. § 164. Plurals formed by the repetion of the last radical
  384. §165. Plurals with -ayy?, -(ay)y?
  385. §166. Plural with -(a)w??a
  386. a) From ???
  387. b) From the singular with -??a
  388. c) From other nouns
  389. § 167. Plurals with -??a and -y??a
  390. a) -??a (-y??a)
  391. b) -y??a (-??a)
  392. § 168. Plurals formed by adding -??/a to the st. emph. of fern, nouns
  393. §169. Feminine nouns with masculine plurals
  394. § 170. Masculine nouns with feminine plurals
  395. § 171. Plurals with -?n (-ania)
  396. § 172. Modern plurals
  397. a) With -?n
  398. b) With -??a, -y??a, -w??a
  399. c) With -??a
  400. 7. Irregular nouns
  401. § 173. a) Nouns from biradical roots; heteroclite and other irregular plurals
  402. b) Pluralia tantum
  403. § 174. An inflexible noun: mindam
  404. 8. Nominal forms before possessive suffixes
  405. §175. Casual endings
  406. §176. Influence of the accent
  407. § 177. Plural nouns with suffixes
  408. C. NUMERALS
  409. §178. Cardinal Numbers
  410. a) Classical
  411. b) Modern
  412. § 179. tartin, trin, tart?
  413. § 180. hdadia
  414. §181. Ordinal numbers
  415. § 182. Fractions
  416. D. PARTICLES
  417. I. Prepositions
  418. §183. l and ‘l
  419. §184. Proclitic prepositions
  420. a) b, mod. q?
  421. b) Comparative preposition k
  422. §185. Independent prepositions
  423. §186. Compound prepositions
  424. §187. Compound prepositional expressions
  425. a) With mn
  426. b) With b, l, ‘l
  427. c) adinqia
  428. §188. Prepositions with personal suffixes
  429. a) Classical
  430. b) Modern
  431. 2. Adverbs and Original Adverbial Locutions
  432. §189. Adjectives used as adverbs of quality
  433. §190. Adverbial ending -???
  434. §191. Adverbial ending -??
  435. §192. Adverbs by origin
  436. a) Adverbs of time
  437. b) Adverbs of place
  438. c) Interrogative adverbs
  439. d) Adverbs of assertion and comparison
  440. e) Other adverbs
  441. 7. Conjunctions
  442. §193. Coordinative conjunctions
  443. § 194. Subordinative conjunctions
  444. E. VERBS
  445. I. General remarks
  446. §195. Verbal stems
  447. a) Peal, pael, afel, ethpeel, ethpaal, ettafal
  448. b) Hafel
  449. c) Remarks on reflexive stems
  450. d) Šafel, eštafal
  451. e) Safel
  452. f) Palpel ( : panpel, parpel)
  453. g) Parel
  454. h) Pawel
  455. i) Papel
  456. j) Remark on quadriliterals (f—i)
  457. k) Dissimilated pael and ethpaal-forms
  458. 1) Denominative verbs
  459. ?) From nouns with prefixes
  460. ß) From nouns with suffixes
  461. m) Original quadriradical verbs
  462. n) Disparition of quadriradical verbs from the vernacular
  463. § 196. Peculiarities of weak roots
  464. a)?=?? = ???
  465. b) ?=?? = ???
  466. c) II guttural = ???
  467. d) Peculiarities of different kinds
  468. § 197. Tenses and moods
  469. a) Perfect
  470. b) Imperfect
  471. c) Imperfect of the afel
  472. d) Imperfect used as subjunctive
  473. e) Distinction of gender in the imperfect
  474. f) Imperative
  475. 2. Strong verbs
  476. §198. General characteristics
  477. a) Three types of the peal
  478. b) Imperfect of the Ist type
  479. c) Wavering between the Ist and 2nd type
  480. d) Verbs with unknown classical perfect
  481. e) Verbs with unknown imperfect
  482. f) Verbs of the 3rd type
  483. g) Verbs III r
  484. § 199. Personal endings and prefixes
  485. a) Endings of the perfect
  486. b) Prefixes and endings of the imperfect
  487. c) Plural-endings of the imperative
  488. d) Participial present-future
  489. §200. Perfect
  490. a) General remarks
  491. b) Classical peal
  492. c) Modern peal
  493. d) Classical pael
  494. e) Modern pael
  495. f) Classical afel
  496. g) Modern afel
  497. h) Classical reflexives
  498. ?) With t in the prefix
  499. ß) Without t in the prefix
  500. i) Modern reflexives
  501. j) Quadriradical verbs
  502. ?) Fundamental forms
  503. ß) Reflexive forms
  504. k) Personal endings before the enclitics
  505. ?) Classical
  506. ß) Modern
  507. §201. Imperfect
  508. a) Peal
  509. b) Pael
  510. c) Afel
  511. d) Reflexive forms
  512. ?) With t in the prefix
  513. ß) Without t in the prefix
  514. e) Quadriradical verbs
  515. ?) Fundamental forms
  516. ß) Reflexive forms
  517. f) Personal endings before the enclitics
  518. § 202. Imperative
  519. a) Classical
  520. b) Modern
  521. § 203. Participles
  522. § 204. Participial present
  523. a) Classical
  524. b) Before the enclitics
  525. c) Modern forms
  526. ?) Peal
  527. ß) Pael
  528. ?) Afel
  529. ?) Ethpeel
  530. ?) Ethpaal = Pael
  531. ?) Passive voice
  532. ?) With the enclitic l
  533. § 205. Infinitives
  534. 3. Verbs III guttural
  535. § 206. General remarks
  536. §207. Classical forms
  537. a) Perfect
  538. b) Imperfect
  539. c) Imperative
  540. d) Participles
  541. e) Participial present-future
  542. f) Infinitives
  543. § 208. Modern forms
  544. a) Perfect
  545. b) Present-future
  546. c) With the enclitic l
  547. d) Passive participle
  548. e) Imperative
  549. 4. Verbs ???
  550. § 209. General remarks
  551. §210. Classical forms
  552. a) Imperfect peal
  553. b) Imperative peal
  554. c) Infinitive peal
  555. d) Afel
  556. e) Ettafel
  557. §211. Modern forms
  558. a) As strong verbs (apart from the afel)
  559. b) Afel
  560. 5. Verbs ???,?
  561. § 212. General remarks
  562. § 213. Classical forms
  563. a) Peal
  564. ?) Perfect
  565. b) Imperfect
  566. c) Imperative
  567. d) Participles
  568. ß) Pael and afel
  569. a) Perfect
  570. b) Imperfect
  571. c) Imperative
  572. d) Participles
  573. e) Infinitive
  574. f) Afel ??? = Afel ???
  575. g) haimin
  576. ?) Reflexive forms
  577. § 214. Modern forms
  578. ?) Peal
  579. a) Perfect
  580. b) With the enclitic l
  581. c) Present-future
  582. d) With the enclitic l
  583. e) Imperative
  584. ?) Pael
  585. a) Perfect
  586. b) Present-future
  587. c) With the enclitic l
  588. ?) (Afel)
  589. ?) Reflexive stem
  590. 6. Verbs ???
  591. §215. General remarks
  592. §216. Classical forms
  593. ?) Peal
  594. a) Perfect
  595. b) Imperfect
  596. c) Imperative
  597. d) Participle
  598. e) Infinitive
  599. ß) Pael
  600. ?) Afel
  601. ?) Reflexive forms
  602. §217. Modern forms
  603. ?) General remarks
  604. ß) Peal
  605. a) Perfect
  606. b) Present
  607. c) Imperative
  608. ?) No derived stems
  609. 7. Verbs ??? and ???
  610. a) With a consonantal w as 2nd radical
  611. b) ??? = ???
  612. §219. Classical forms
  613. ?) Peal
  614. a) Perfect
  615. b) Imperfect
  616. c) Imperative
  617. d) Active participle
  618. e) Passive participle
  619. f) Infinitive
  620. ?) Pael
  621. ?) Afel
  622. a) Perfect
  623. b) Imperfect
  624. c) Imperative
  625. d) Participial forms: (I) Act., pt., (2) Inflected forms, (3) Participial present, (4) Pass, pt
  626. e) Infinitive
  627. ?) Reflexive forms
  628. a) Ethpeel
  629. (1) Perfect
  630. (2) Imperfect
  631. (3) Participle
  632. b) Ethpaal
  633. (1) Perfect
  634. (2) Imperfect
  635. (3) Participle
  636. (4) Infinitive
  637. c) Ettafal
  638. (1) Perfect
  639. (2) Imperfect
  640. § 220. Verbs ??? and III guttural
  641. ?) Peal: a) Pf., b) Impf., c) Imper., d) Pt
  642. ß) Afel: a) Pf., b) Impf., c) Imper., d) Pt
  643. ?) Reflexive stems: a) Pf
  644. b) Impf., c) Imper
  645. ?) Pronunciation of the forms
  646. §221. Modern forms
  647. ?) Peal
  648. a) Perfect
  649. b) Pres., c) Imper., d) Pass, pt
  650. e) Two defective verbs: I. wayyeq, 2. ALL
  651. ß) Afel
  652. a) Past, b) Present-future, c) Imper
  653. 8. Verbs II ?,? and t?mm?
  654. §222. General remarks
  655. §223. Classical forms
  656. ?) Peal: a) Perfect, b) Imperfect
  657. c) Imper., d) Pt., e) Inf
  658. ß) Pael: a) Pf., b) Impf., c) Pt., d) Inf
  659. ?) Ethpaal: a) Pf., b) Impf
  660. c) Pt., d) Inf
  661. § 224. Modern forms
  662. ?) Peal: a) Past, b) Present
  663. ß) Pael : a) Past, b) Present
  664. c) Imperative
  665. ?) Dakka and t?mma/?
  666. a) Past, b) Present, c) Imperative
  667. ?) Ethpaal
  668. 9. Verbs ???
  669. §225. General remarks
  670. §226. Classical forms
  671. ?) Peal
  672. a) Perfect
  673. b) Imperfect
  674. c) Imperative, d) Participial forms
  675. e) Infinitive
  676. ß) Pael and afel
  677. a) Perfect
  678. b) Imperfect
  679. c) Imperative, d) Participial forms
  680. e) Infinitive
  681. ?) Reflexive forms
  682. a) Perfect
  683. b) Imperfect
  684. c) Imperative, d) Participial forms
  685. e) Infinitives
  686. ?) Quadriradical verbs???
  687. ?) A five-radical verb???
  688. ?) HUA
  689. a) Pf., b) Impf., c) Imper
  690. d) Participle, e) Inf
  691. ?) HIA
  692. a) Past
  693. b) Present-future, c) With the encl. l
  694. d) Imper., e) Pass.pt
  695. ß) Pael
  696. a) Past, b) Present-future
  697. c) With the encl. l, d) Imper
  698. ?) Afel
  699. a) Past, b) Present-future
  700. c) Imperative
  701. ?) Reflexive stems
  702. ?) ab?, how? and HIA
  703. a) Forms of ab?: (1) Past, (2) Present-future
  704. b) Forms of how?: (1) Past, (2) Present-future, (3) Imper
  705. 10. Verbs with personal suffixes
  706. a) Classical forms
  707. b) Modern forms
  708. § 229. Imperfect
  709. §230. Imperative
  710. a) Classical forms
  711. b) Modern forms
  712. §231. General remarks
  713. § 232. Perfect
  714. a) Classical forms
  715. b) Modern forms
  716. § 233. Imperfect
  717. §234. Imperative
  718. a) Classical forms
  719. b) Modern forms
  720. c) Participial present-future with personal suffixes
  721. §235. Comparison of modern and classical forms
  722. a) Peal
  723. b) Pael, c) Afel
  724. d) Infinitives with personal suffixes
  725. § 236. Peal, pael, afel
  726. e) ???
  727. §237. General remarks
  728. §238. ?) Classical forms
  729. a) With enclitics
  730. b) With personal suffixes
  731. c) With -ka
  732. ß) Modern forms
  733. a) With enclitics, b) ‘ka ekka, lika lekka, c) With suffixes
  734. d) Past and future
  735. IV. ESSENTIALS OF SYNTAX
  736. § 239. Preliminary remarks
  737. A. PARTS OF SPEECH
  738. I. Noun
  739. a) Gender
  740. § 240. Gender of interrogative pronouns
  741. § 241. Neuter substituted by feminine
  742. b) Status absolutus and emphaticus
  743. § 242. Acutally used
  744. § 243. Special uses (1—10)
  745. c) Genitive expressions
  746. § 244. Status constructus
  747. a) actually used
  748. b) Replaced by other states
  749. c) Modern use
  750. § 245. d?- after a determined noun
  751. a) In the st. emph. — Exceptions
  752. b) Without suffix
  753. c) Determinative nouns separated from the determined noun
  754. d) Apposition
  755. § 246. a) Attributive adjectives
  756. b) Adjectives of quantity and ordinal numbers
  757. c) Adjective before the substantive
  758. d) Adjective separated from the substantive
  759. § 247. Position of the appositive
  760. § 248. Proper names with appositives
  761. a) Three ways of usage
  762. b) With an appositive consisting of several words or determined by a possessive suffix
  763. c) Modern use
  764. § 249. Epitheton constans
  765. a) With names of higher beings
  766. b) With common nouns
  767. §250. Appositive of the personal pronoun
  768. §251. Repetition of the noun
  769. a) Tautological, b) Distributive, c) Replacement of distributive repetions by words of distributive character
  770. e) Construction of kul
  771. §252. Classical and modem usages
  772. f) Coordination of nouns
  773. §253. a) With the conjunction
  774. b) Asyndetic
  775. §254. Distributive repetitions
  776. 2. Pronouns
  777. a) Personal pronouns
  778. §255. Used a) with participial present, b) independently
  779. § 256. hu
  780. §257. Personal suffixes with intransitive verbs
  781. a) Classical, b) Modern
  782. §258. Preposition with the pers. suffix to emphasize a determined noun
  783. a) Preposition with suff. + d? + noun
  784. b) Preposition with suff. + preposition with noun
  785. § 259. Independent use of the pers. suffix with an enclitic preposition
  786. § 260. Independent possessive and intensive pronouns
  787. a) Classical dil- = modern did
  788. b) As a possessive pronoun
  789. c) Instead of a possessive suffix or to emphasize it
  790. d) Instead of a pers. pronoun or to emphasize it
  791. e) In comparisons
  792. b) Reflexive pronoun
  793. § 261. napš-
  794. a) Examples from the classical language
  795. b) Mod. usage : ?) With verbs, ?) With nouns
  796. c) Demonstrative pronouns
  797. § 262. Personal pronouns used as demonstratives
  798. a) Classical
  799. b) Modern
  800. § 263. Original demonstratives
  801. a) Classical:
  802. ?) Substantival use
  803. ?) Adjectival use: ??) Before the substantive, ??) After the substantive
  804. b) Modern
  805. § 264. Special classical demonstratives
  806. a) dd?
  807. b) hazin
  808. a) Substantival use
  809. ?) Adjectival use: ??) Before the noun, ??) After the noun, ??) Emphasized by the personal pronoun
  810. d) Interrogative pronouns
  811. § 265. a) Cl. man, mod. man, c) Cl. ma(hu)
  812. d) Mod. mo, m?-, e) Formed with hay-
  813. e) Relative pronoun
  814. § 266. a) Cl. d?- = mod. ke
  815. b) After the procl. l, c) “that which”
  816. d) kul d?-, kul man d?-
  817. 3. Numerals
  818. §267. Cardinal numbers
  819. § 268. Repetition of the numeral
  820. a) Distributive, b) Multiplicative
  821. §269. Another kind of distributive and multiplicative expressions
  822. a) Distributive, b) Multiplicative, c) Colloquial
  823. §270. Ordinal numbers
  824. § 271. hdadia
  825. 4. Adverbial expressions
  826. § 272. Nouns used adverbially
  827. § 273. Adverbs of time
  828. §274. Expressions of weight and measure
  829. §275. Expression of circumstance (Ar. h?a?l)
  830. 5. Prepositions
  831. §276. Semantic spectrum of l and ‘l
  832. (1) Dative (a—n)
  833. (2) Accusative (a—i)
  834. § 277. ‘lau-
  835. § 278. Semantic spectrum of b
  836. (1) Locative (a—k)
  837. (2) Instrumental (a—j)
  838. § 279. binia and bit
  839. § 280. Comparative confunctions
  840. a) Classical (1—3), b) Modern
  841. §281. Semantic spectrum of mn (a—q)
  842. §282. Indefinite subject
  843. §283. Impersonal verb
  844. a) As feminine
  845. b) Idiom “it is possible”
  846. c) As masculine
  847. e) As future perfect, f) As present
  848. §285. Imperfect
  849. a) As present or future, b) With verbs of saying referring to the pase
  850. c) As desiderative and prohibitive, d) After “before” and “until”, e) As conditional, f) After hab, g) Not as past progr. tense
  851. § 286. Active participle and participial present-future
  852. e) In clauses of fearing, f) To express a possibility, g) As conditional, h) As desiderative and prohibitive, i) As past progressive tense (with hua)
  853. j) Participial present-future
  854. § 287. Passive participle
  855. a) To express an accomplished action, b) Mod. predicative use
  856. c) With act. meaning, d) With the encl. 1
  857. § 288. Imperative
  858. § 289. Infinitive
  859. a) To express a purpose, b) With BAA as future, c) As logical subject
  860. d) To express a circumstance, e) As gerund, f) As infinitive absolute, g) Completed by the logical subject
  861. a) With and without I
  862. b) Undertermined noun, c) Omission of 1 before a determined noun, d) Omission of 1 before a noun provided with a reflexive pronoun
  863. e) Omission of an accusative 1 in the presence of a dative
  864. f) Double transitive verbs, g) Direct object understood
  865. §291. Inner object
  866. a) Analogy of the infinitive absolute, b) To introduce a numeral
  867. c) Completed by an adjective, a substantive or by d?-
  868. §292. a) Classical, b) Modern
  869. §293. For “to have”
  870. § 294. As expression of existence
  871. § 295. a) Without the copula, b) With the copula
  872. c) With a superfluous copula
  873. § 296. With personal pronoun as subject
  874. § 297. Order of words
  875. § 298. Agreement of the parts of the sentence
  876. § 299. Cons true tio ad sensum
  877. § 300. “That which” as a subject
  878. § 301. Partitive expressions as a subject
  879. § 302. Construction of compound subjects and objects
  880. a) As singular, b) As plural, c) With a personal pronoun as part of a compound subject
  881. §303. hua and nihuia with nouns in plural
  882. §304. a) Negative particles and their use
  883. a) “There is not”, b) “cannot”
  884. §306. Introduced by
  885. a) Interrogative pronoun
  886. b) Interrogative particle
  887. § 307. Negative question
  888. 2. Compound sentence
  889. §308. Asyndetic compound sentence
  890. a) With two verbs
  891. b) With several verbs, c) With an inchoative verb
  892. d) Parallel ideas
  893. § 309. Use of coordinative conjunctions
  894. 3. Complex sentence
  895. § 310. Attributive relative clause
  896. §311. Relative clauses
  897. a) Of time, b) Of place
  898. § 312. Clauses of comparison
  899. §313. Indirect statement
  900. § 314. Clause of fearing
  901. §315. Clause of purpose
  902. § 316. Clause of result
  903. § 317. Subordinate clause as object
  904. § 318. Uses of kd? (mod. ke)
  905. a) kd? = cum, b) kd? = sicut (?—?)
  906. § 319. General rules about d?- and kd? (a—c)
  907. § 320. Negative clause of purpose
  908. § 321. Indirect question
  909. a) Classical, b) Modern
  910. § 322. Conditional clauses
  911. a) Classical, b) Modern
  912. 4. Elliptic locutions
  913. § 323. Incomplete sentences
  914. § 324. Conjurations and greeting formulas
  915. a) Classical, b) Modern
  916. §325. Stylistic ellipses
  917. a) Words understood, b) Unfinished or interrupted sentences
  918. c) Defective logical structure
  919. BIBLIOGRAPHY
  920. APPENDIX
  921. A. A CLASSICAL TEXT
  922. Transliteration, Pronunciation
  923. Translation
  924. Notes
  925. B. SAMPLES OF THE VERNACULAR
  926. I. “To be”, II. “To have”, III. Compliments
  927. IV. Time, V. Weather, VI. Purchase
  928. VII. Travelling, VIII. Varia
  929. C. VOCABULARY OF THE VERNACULAR
  930. D. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS
  931. to Drower-Macuch, A Mandaic Dictionary
  932. E. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE GRAMMAR
  933. INDICES
  934. A. PHILOLOGICAL
  935. a) Mandaic
  936. b) Aramaic
  937. c) Hebrew
  938. d) Arabic
  939. e) Akkadian and Sumerian
  940. f) Ethiopie, Amharic, Mehri
  941. g) Iranian
  942. h) Greek
  943. i) Latin
  944. B. ANALYTICO-TOPICAL
  945. C. AUTHORITIES