CHAPTER 1
What the American Human Development Index Reveals
IN THIS SECTION:
Introduction
Historical Trends: A Half Century of Development Progress
Presenting American Human Development Index Scores
Conclusion
How Do We Stack Up?
Human Development Index
Introduction
āOur gross national product ā¦ if we should judge America by thatācounts air pollution and cigarette advertising, and ambulances to clear our highways of carnage. It counts special locks for our doors and the jails for those who break them. It counts the destruction of our redwoods and the loss of our natural wonder in chaotic sprawlā¦. Yet the gross national product does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education, or the joy of their playā¦. It measures neither our wit nor our courage; neither our wisdom nor our learning ā¦. it measures everything, in short, except that which makes life worthwhile. And it tells us everything about America except why we are proud that we are Americans.ā
ROBERT F. KENNEDY, 1968
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a vital measure. Tracking the expansion and contraction of market activity and production tells a crucial part of a nationās storyābut an incomplete one. Complementing GDP with data on the health, education, and income of the typical American along with information about who among us hasāor lacksāaccess to the basic building blocks of opportunity allows for a richer, more comprehensive understanding of how we are faring. By using only GDP growth and other strictly economic metrics to gauge societal success, we risk overlooking significant disparities in fundamental areas of human well-being. Without a more comprehensive assessment of human development, we can fall short of our goals without even knowing it. On several important gauges, including the infant death rate, the child poverty rate, and the on-time high school graduation rate, America has slipped behind other countries in recent years. But our relatively high GDP has enabled policymakers to downplay these troubling realities. What we donāt measure, we donāt address.
What we donāt measure, we donāt address.
To expand opportunities for people to lead lives that are long, healthy, safe, and free, with the capabilities to thrive rather than merely to survive, we must first understand how ordinary people are doing.
The American Human Development Index:
ā¢ Paints a far more detailed portrait of well-being and opportunity throughout the United States than does GDP alone, and this portraitā¦
ā¢ Enables us to better analyze the interlocking factors that fuel advantage and disadvantage, create opportunities, and determine life chances. Because it uses easily understood indicators that we can compare across geographic regions and over time, itā¦
ā¢ Provides a standard frame of reference, enabling us to make apples-to-apples comparisons from place to place and from year to year.
The American HD Index is expressed in numbers from 0 to 10. The Index score for the whole country is 5.17, a moderate upward tick from 5.05 in The Measure of America 2008ā2009. The overall Index score comprises scores related to the human condition in different states, congressional districts, and major metropolitan areas, broken down by race, ethnicity, and sex. Some populations enjoy levels of well-being near the top of the 10-point scale, others fall slightly above or below the U.S. average, and some have levels of health, education, and earnings that place them near the bottom of the Index.
Connecticut is the top-ranked state, with an HD Index score of 6.30. If current national trends continue, we would expect the U.S. national score to reach Connecticutās level in the year 2022. Connecticut was the top-ranked state in the 2008ā09 Index as well. But not all states have progressed at the same pace. Arkansas, for example, dropped two places in the state rankings. It is now the next-to-last state, with human development levels roughly equivalent to well-being conditions in America nearly two decades ago. If we compare Arkansas to Connecticut, we see a gap in human development of about three decades; in other words, more than a generation of human progress separates Connecticut from Arkansas.
The Index enables us to make apples-to-apples comparisons from place to place and from year to year.
The good news is that some Americans are experiencing the longest life spans in human history while expanding their choices through high levels of educational attainment and earning incomes that make comfortable and secure living standards possible for themselves and their families. Asian Americans in New Jersey are living, on average, nearly ninety-two years. Two in three adult Asian Americans have earned a bachelorās degree or higher, and their median personal earnings are 68 percent above the national median.
The bad news is that many Americans do not enjoy equivalent levels of well-being. If current trends continue, the country as a whole will not reach the levels of health, education, and income prevalent among Asian Americans in New Jersey for another fifty years. Decades of progress in health, education, and earnings have bypassed certain groups. For instance, Native Americans in South Dakota lag almost a half century behind the rest of the nation in the categories measured by the American HD Index, living, on average, sixty-six years, and earning less than the typical American did in 1960. The typical Asian American in New Jersey lives an astonishing quarter of a century longer, is eleven times more likely to have a graduate degree, and earns $33,149 more per year than the typical Native American in South Dakota. The gap in incomes exceeds the entire median earnings of American workers (about $30,000). Separating Native Americans in South Dakota and Asian Americans in New Jersey is a century of human development progress. The category āAsian Americanā can include people who trace their heritage to a wide range of countries. See BOX 1 for further discussion of important differences within various racial and ethnic groups.
This chapter introduces the American HD Index using 2007 and 2008 data, the most recent years for which the required data are available nationally. In addition, this chapter provides detailed findings about variations in human development based on analysis by geography, gender, race, and ethnicity. Subsequent chapters explore the reasons behind these variations, considering health, education, and income, and the interplay of these three basic areas in terms of the freedoms and opportunities they afford for different groups of Americans.
BOX 1 broad Racial and Ethnic Labels Mask Considerable Diversity
The American Human Development Index is calculated using official government data and the racial and ethnic categories defined by the White House Office of Management and Budget. While these data sources and categorizations make possible reliable comparisons across the nation, they limit our ability to reflect the vast diversity that exists within racial and ethnic groups.
Broad categories like āAsian Americanā or āLatinoā include people from wildly disparate origins. For instance, the category āAfrican Americansā includes descendants of slaves as well as newly arrived immigrants from Africa or parts of the Caribbean. Asian Americans are descendants of peoples originating in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. Latinos trace their ancestry to countries throughout the Americas and parts of Europe. Whites range from descendants of passengers on the Mayflower to recently arrived Bosnian refugees.
This point is best illustrated with a concrete example. Asian Americans are sometimes touted as a āmodel minorityā to which other racial and ethnic groups should aspire. This stereotype tends both to undervalue the opportunities and constraints with which immigrant groups arrive in the United States and to overemphasize the homogeneity of the Asian American category.
Two in three Asian Americans are foreign-born,1 a notably higher proportion than for other major racial and ethnic groups, and considerable variation in human development outcomes exists depending upon country of origin.
Cambodians, Laotians, and Hmong register far lower on many human development dimensions than Indians and Japanese, for example. While fewer than 7 percent of Japanese adults lack a high school diploma, a full 40 percent of Hmong have not graduated high school.2 Median family income for Indians in 2008 was nearly $100,000 and for Japanese families, it was $83,500, compared to $60,000 for Vietnamese families, less than the median family income for the United States as a whole.3 Human development levels also vary considerably by gender among Asian Americans in general and within different Asian ancestral groups.
Even when the differences in starting points for Asian Americans of different origins are held constant, however, Asian Americans generally best other groups on a wide array of human development outcomes, a reality that poses interesting questions for researchers.4
Race and ethnicity offer just one lens through which to examine opportunity and freedom. But although the differences within groups can be as large as those between them, the chasms in human development revealed by comparing U.S. racial and ethnic groups present strong evidence that these categories retain great salience in assessing well-being.
Historical Trends: A Half Century of Development Progress
In recent decades, human development has improved dramatically in the United States (see TABLE 1). The average American today lives nearly nine years longer than an American in 1960, is twice as likely to have graduated from high school, is almost four times as likely to earn a bachelorās degree, and earns nearly twice as much (adjusted for inflation).
However, once-rapid progress has slowed to a crawl in this first decade of the twenty-first century. Between 2005 and 2008 the HD Index value for the United States as a whole rose 0.12 pointsāfrom 5.05 to 5.17. ...