Birthmarks

Transracial Adoption in Contemporary America

Sandra Patton-Imani

• Publisher: NYU Press
• Year: 2000
• eBook ISBN:
  9780814768136
• Print ISBN:
  9780814766828

"[An] empathetic study of the meanings of cross-racial adoption to adoptees."—Law and Politics Book Review

Can White parents teach their Black children African American culture and history? Can they impart to them the survival skills necessary to survive in the racially stratified United States? Concerns over racial identity have been at the center of controversies over transracial adoption since the 1970s, as questions continually arise about whether White parents are capable of instilling a positive sense of African American identity in their Black children.

Through in-depth interviews with adult transracial adoptees, as well as with social workers in adoption agencies, Sandra Patton, herself an adoptee, explores the social construction of race, identity, gender, and family and the ways in which these interact with public policy about adoption. Patton offers a compelling overview of the issues at stake in transracial adoption. She discusses recent changes in adoption and social welfare policy which prohibit consideration of race in the placement of children, as well as public policy definitions of "bad mothers" which can foster coerced aspects of adoption, to show how the lives of transracial adoptees have been shaped by the policies of the U.S. child welfare system.

Neither an argument for nor against the practice of transracial adoption, BirthMarks seeks to counter the dominant public view of this practice as a panacea to the so-called "epidemic" of illegitimacy and the misfortune of infertility among the middle class with a more nuanced view that gives voice to those directly involved, shedding light on the ways in which Black and multiracial adoptees articulate their own identity experiences.

INDEX

Abandoned, 56, 88, 116, 135–136

abandonment issues, 97

Abortion, 46, 120, 122

“Adoptable”, 37, 140

Adoption agencies, 78, 156, 161, 177

Adoption records, 43, 119

Adoptive father, 111, 122

Adoptive mother, 56, 122, 127, 136

AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children), 24, 163, 167

Affirmative action, 137

African American Children: in adoption system, 35, 158

in foster care, 46

in White families, 140

African American communities, 49, 92

African American culture, 3, 58, 60, 73, 77–78

and history, 93

and identity, 123, 145

and roots, 15

African American families, 38, 45, 52, 135, 153, 156, 181

African American identity: among transracial adoptees, 11, 53, 66, 69

controversy over, 48, 50, 54

philosophy of, 51

problematized, 16–17

African American Studies, 57–58

African American transracial adoptees, 2

All-White maternity homes, 40

Altstein, Howard, 141–142

Ancestors, 1, 43, 103, 105, 171

Anti-Semitic, 92

Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas controversy, 68, 178

Anzaldua, Gloria, 78

Appadurai, Arjun, 102

“At risk”: Black children disproportionately labeled, 25

children, 158

“Authenticity”, 102–103, 112, 171

Baby boom and idealization of family life, 34

Baldwin, James, 94

Bartholet, Elizabeth, 140–142

Belafonte, Harry, 115

Belafonte, Sherry, 115

Bennett, William J., 160

“Best interests”: of children, 159, 170, 191

of the Nation, 161

Berry, Halle, 135

Big Brothers Program, 116

Billingsley, Andrew, 154

Biological: bond, 113

his...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction: Narratives of Adoption, Roots, and Identity
• One Origin Narratives
• Two Navigating Racial Routes
• Three Searching: “I Have a Family with No Blood”
• Four Producing “IL/Legitimate” Citizens: Transracial Adoptionand Welfare Reform
• Conclusion: Narratives of Identity, Race, and Nation
• Notes
• Bibliography
• Index
• About the Author