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A Foot Deep in the Culture
The Thug Knowledge(s) of A Man Called Hawk
In the fall of 1985 the television series Spenser for Hire debuted on the ABC network. The main character of the hour-long drama, an urbane Boston-based private detective named Spenser, was based on a character featured in a series of novels authored by Robert Parker. Spenser was portrayed by the actor Robert Urich as an upscale version of Dan Tanna, a character Urich played in the late 1970s series Vegas. At the height of the popularity of Parkerâs Spenser novels in the late 1980s, much was made of how much Parkerâs identity informed that of Spenser. As one writer described it, both Spenser and Parker wear âpolished loafers with tassels, blue denims with an open-neck shirt and expensive sport jacket.â Parker and his character Spenser embodied âbusiness casualâ well before such a term existed, and in the mid-1980s such a style gave Spenser an air of sophistication rarely associated with those in his profession. That Parker and Spenser were so closely linked rendered the character of Spenser believable.
In both the novels and the television series, Spenser often collaborated with a black âenforcerâ simply known as Hawk. As described by Parker, âHawk has the same skills and inclinations, but he grew up in another way with a different set of pressures.â1 Whatever sensibilities that Hawk might have shared with Spenser and however progressive Parker imagined the character to be, the reality was that Hawk was all too familiar to audiences who had grown comfortable with seeing a big black bald man, clad in black leather, with a big black gunâa performance that has historically been known as that of the âbad (black) man.â In his book Hoodlums: Black Villains and Social Bandits in American Life, the historian William L. Van Deburg discusses the âbad (black) manâ in the context of what he calls âblack social bandits.â According to Van Deburg, these figures, as constructed by postâCivil War writers, were often âQuirky, quixotic, and prone to appropriating white-owned status symbols as partial compensation for past indignities,â and were âwedded to the cause of group freedom and saw nothing wrong with extralegal means to balance the scales of justice.â âTypically more extroverted and colorful than the average individual,â Van Deburg notes, these âoutlaws of American folk history won wide acceptance as risk-taking representatives of an unjustly demeaned race.â2 As a dual product of Robert Parkerâs imagination and the American psyche, Hawk seemingly did little to disturb long-held popular beliefs about adult black masculinity.
According to Avery Brooks, the actor who brought Hawk to life on the small screen, âIâve been asked many times whether I was exactly like the Hawk character.â3 Brooks, who has portrayed figures as diverse as Othello, Malcolm X, and Paul Robeson, is a classically trained actor who, in 1976, earned the first MFA (Master of Fine Arts) in theater granted to an African American at Rutgers University. At the time that Brooks accepted the role of Hawk, he was a tenured professor of theater at the university. None of Brooksâs accomplishments were apparent to those fans (many of them white) who approached Brooks and, as he describes it, âthink that I actually carry a gun, and that probably I was standing on a street corner somewhere and these producers saw me and asked me if I wanted to come on television.â4 In many ways Avery Brooks is as illegibleâunbelievableâto mainstream audiences as Hawk is believable to those same audiences.
When I watched Spenser for Hire in the mid-1980s, Hawk was absolutely believable and riveting for me as a twenty-year-old who imagined living a life of the mind while trying to negotiate the demands of the social spaces I called home. Hawk seemed to exist somewhere in between Amiri Barakaâs Blues People and the vestibules where my boyhood friends were selling crack-cocaine and weed. At the time Hawk embodied what some dismissively call âstreet smarts,â though Hawk immediately struck me as a character who was highly literate. In his book Your Average Nigga: Performing Race, Literacy, and Masculinity, Vershawn Ashanti Young writes, âliteracy is not chiefly about matching pronouns with the right antecedents or comprehending why Willie and Janet went up the hill. Literacy is first and foremost a racial performance.â5 As such, it was a performance that I found quite alluring, as much because of the seamlessness with which Hawk navigated very disparate social and cultural spaces, as because of the intellectual gravitas that the character conveyedâa gravitas that was perhaps more disarming than his bold physical presence.
Conjuring Black Male Genius
Fuck being a thugâin my mind Hawk was damned erudite: a combination of John Shaftâs street savvy, W. E. B. Du Boisâs scholarly acumen, Billy Eckstineâs modernist cool, Huey Newtonâs politicized eroticism, Cecil Taylorâs improvisational instincts, and Tea Cakeâs mysticismâin other words, a cat who had to be conjured out of the wellspring of black masculine genius, both real and imagined. The novelist Martha Southgate, for instance, notes how âBrooksâs intelligence and eagerness have ⌠taken Hawk beyond what his creator imagined for him.â6 In an interview with the journalist and author Jill Nelson, Brooks says of his character, âHawk lives somewhere, for me, between fiction and reality. That is to say that Robert Parker imagined this black man, this character,â but âI donât imagine black people, ⌠I happen to be one, and I have studied and lived and loved them all my life.â7 Brooksâs comments highlight how the sliver of agency he was given to shape the character had the potential to produce a character who could be read as transformative, though illegible, in relation to those black male characters who existed in mainstream television up to that point. Not surprisingly, Brooksâs creative agency challenged the professional writersâmany of them whiteâwho were charged with creating a spin-off of Spenser for Hire, called A Man Called Hawk. Brooks had transformed Hawk into a distinct intellectual property that the writers were neither prepared nor inclined to create in the first place.
Brooks incredulously recalls being asked by producers who Hawk really wasâthis some three years into the series Spenser for Hire. It was this real lack of imagination on the part of the producers and writers that gave Brooks the opportunity to âdo something that allows me to go back home and be cool with the people I know.â8 Amidst his struggles with the writers, Brooks famously said that âif we get just one of these [episodes] on the air, itâs too lateâŚ. All they have to do is show it one time.â9 Brooksâs point was that if his vision for Hawk was ever seen by the public, even once, it would have an impact on how mainstream society might view black culture and black men in particular. And indeed, because he did get thirteen episodes of A Man Called Hawk on the air, I can now grapple with the constructs of black masculinity in mainstream popular culture.
In order to establish a narrative grounding for A Man Called Hawk, the writers were seemingly obsessed with providing a believable backstory for the character of Hawk. Set in Hawkâs hometown of Washington, DC, the early episodes of the series all provide ample references to the characterâs past as a professional boxer, gifted child (âcuriosity surrounded you like a landscapeâ), and special operations officer during the Vietnam War. The latter factor was used to create tension between Hawk and various law enforcement officersânotably Charles S. Dutton in the role of Hodgesâwho consistently are amazed at Hawkâs connections to the intelligence community in Washington. There are echoes of Sam Greenleeâs novel and later film, The Spook Who Sat by the Door, in Hawkâs relationship with the intelligence communityâtrained by the government, but functioning independently on his own terms as the fall of the Soviet bloc looms in the 1980s.
The writers also felt the need to domesticate the character, not surprising given the historic construction of the âbad manâ as a figure who thrived on independence and actively resisted control. As such the attempts to domesticate Hawkâconscious or notâcan be read as attempts to limit the narrative agency of the character and by extension, the creative agency of the actor Avery Brooks. Ronald A. T. Judyâs work on the construction of antebellum and postbellum black masculinity is useful here, as Judy argues that in contrast to the aforementioned âbad manâ of postbellum folklore and popular culture, the so-called bad nigger of the antebellum period represented a more ominous and politicized figure. According to Judy, âFor slaves, bad nigger indicated an individual who, in challenging the laws of slavery, refused to be a nigger thing. A bad nigger, then, is an oxymoron: rebellious property. In rebellion, the bad nigger exhibits an autonomous will, which a nigger as commodity-thing is not allowed to exhibitâŚ. The bad nigger marks the limits of the law of allowance by transgressing it.â10 Iâd like to suggest that in the distinction between the âbad manâ and the âbad niggerâ there also lies a distinction between the writersâ intention for the character of Hawk and Brooksâs intention for the characterââbad niggerâ as metaphor, perhaps, for Brooksâs own relationship with the writers.
The genius of Brooksâs performance as Hawk is the collapse of meaningful distinctions (for Brooks and knowledgeable readers) between the âbad manâ and the âbad nigger.â As Judy writes, the âbad man possesses a knowledge of selfâŚ. This knowledge is of political significance, in that it is the basis for a type of morality, or self-government, which then forms the basis for community self-determination.â11 I cite the above passage to make the claimâimplicit throughout my discussion of A Man Called Hawkâthat the character of Hawk represented an embodied knowledge that exists beyond simple references to street smarts or in celebration of his ability to seamlessly navigate the challenges of urban terrain. More concretely, I am arguing that despite Hawkâs thuggish exterior, the character is representative of a rather sophisticated intellectual sensibility that is motivated by the historical difficulties faced by black men desiring to remain politically and culturally relevantâlegibleâto the black communities that produced them while openly confronting their limited and limiting legibility outside those communities.
In that Hawk is a character whose very power is derived from the perception that he is marginal to everyday mainstream life, the writers were also charged to define Hawkâs vocation, beyond the obvious Robin Hood / vigilante quality of his interactions with community members and law enforcement. Speaking directly to the issue of legibility that challenged the writers and producers of the series, virtually all thirteen episodes of the series feature a moment where characters publicly question Hawkâs identity, often to witty acerbic retorts from Hawk. As a narrative device, the scenes allowed the writers to build upon Hawkâs backstory and coalesce disparate identity traits for a figure who lacked depth of character in earlier incarnations. In an early episode, âA Time and Place,â in which Hawk is mistakenly accused of murdering a police officer, the officer investigating the case delves into Hawkâs past and notes his regular shuttle flights between Washington, DC, and Boston (where Spenser for Hire was set) and his legal possession of a gun, to which Hawk responds, âso I carry a big gun, fly on airplanes,â dismissing the line of questioning as irrelevant to the flimsy charges he was being held on. In this instance, Hawk arouses suspicion because of his mobilityâhis cosmopolitanism, if you will. As a black man who travels regularly and carries a weapon, he must be engaged in nefarious and illicit criminal activity.
The exchange with the investigator, perfectly pitched to ongoing anxieties that Hawk exists beyond the law and thus beyond logic, is one of many such narrative exchanges calculated to force audiences to think beyond the standard tropes of the character, including the perception that since he is an enforcer/protector for hire, many of Hawkâs activities are motivated by financial gain, as evidenced by his luxury car and expensive wardrobe. The episode âPoisonâ directly addresses the perception of Hawkâs âfor-hireâ status, as the character investigates the drug overdose of an African diplomatâs daughter. Attending a diplomatic gathering with a friend, Hawk is asked, âWhat do you do, Mr. Hawk?â to which he responds, âI donât.â The comment was a dismissive response to a character whose initial query was intended to comment on the supposed oddness of Hawkâs presence at a high-level diplomatic event, but also underscores the perception that Hawkâs attendance at the event is predicated by his for-hire status, as a bodyguard, perhaps. Later in the episode, when the diplomat assures Hawk that should he investigate the death of the diplomatâs daughter, he will be paid handsomely, Hawk responds, âMoney is never a problem for me.â In the episode âLife after Death,â in which Hawk assists a young black girl portrayed by Tatiana Ali, Hawk rejects the girlâs attempts to pay him for his services (she offered about thirty dollars), admitting, âI did this for someone I was too late to help. Sometimes weâre asked to heal others and we end up healing ourselves.â Hawkâs responses are critically important to the core values of the character, because they undermine perceptions that exceptional black men are largely motivated by the financial gain attached to their labor as opposed to some sense of loyalty, the pleasure derived from such labor, or the duty associated with those who labor at the behest of those who often canât help themselves. Registering in a much lower frequency in Hawkâs responses is the connection between his own humanity and the historical association of black laborers as commodities, especially when black laborers derive little, if any, of the financial benefits from their labor, as was the case during chattel slavery and the sharecropping era. Recalling the theorist Judy again, Hawk refuses to be a ânigger-thing.â
Though audiences never see Hawkâs place of residence, he is often shown in public settings that suggest his connection to a community. Frequently throughout the series Hawk visits Mr. Henryâs, a local jazz club where Hawk enjoys performances, meets with a notable black civil rights attorney, and even composes a song with the jazz guitarist Jean-Paul Bourelly. Located in the Capitol Hill district, Mr. Henryâs has its own significant cultural history in that it was the place where the musician Roberta Flack got her start as a professional performer, as did her longtime collaborator, the late Donny Hathaway. In line with its role as a pub, Mr. Henryâs is another iteration of the black public sphere and highlights Hawkâs fluidity among many publics. In various episodes of the series, notably âNever My Loveâ (episode 9) and âBeautiful Are the Starsâ (episode 12), Hawk is directly engaged in work at the behest of community members, many of whom have known the character since his youth. In the episode âChoice of Chance,â in which Hawk is drawn into the lives of a family left unprotected by a failed witness protection program, Hawk responds to the query âWho you supposed to be?â with the quip âI never âspose, I am.â The simple exchange is just a reminder of the integrity that Avery Brooks intended for the character, a character who was ethical and principled. Illuminating these investments, Brooks told Essence Magazine, âI grew up in the context of a Black community where ideas such as dignity and integrity and proper behavior still existed. I thought that this was the way the whole world was, and I will insist that, ultimately, thatâs the way it still is.â12
The link between Hawk and the community is a character simply known as the Old Man. Portrayed by the late Moses Gunn, the Old Man serves as a mentor to Hawk as well as an interlocutor of sorts; virtually all of Hawkâs interactions with the Old Man are cerebral in nature, with the duo playing chess and debating various philosophical tenets. The interactions between Hawk and the Old Man often take place in a study or personal library, filled with various African and African American artifacts. According to Brooks, the relationship between Hawk and the Old Man was intended to be read as part of Hawkâs subconscious, though writers scoffed at the idea. âYou canât talk about African people without talking about the spiritual dimension,â Brooks told the journalist David Mills, adding, âAnd this place that Hawk wentâbecause you never saw a building or anythingâhe was just in this place.â Producers eventually created scenes where Hawk and the Old Man are seen in public venues like a bookstore and art museum, though Brooks protested, âThatâs not the idea, baby! ⌠Weâre talking about mythology, contemporary mythology. Just like Superboy, the Lone Ranger, all of that see?â13 Nevertheless, the Old Man clearly exists as an extension of Hawkâs intellectual and spiritual identityâcommunity members, for instance, usually can contact Hawk only through the Old Man, and Hawk frequently works on behalf of those who have long-established ties with the Old Man. In addition, the Old Man often informs Hawk of impending danger, providing counsel (âYou are the hunter, not the huntedâthe hawk, not the sparrowâ).14 In one telling scene, Hawk is disturbed that the Old Man doesnât seem to know what is bothering him (as if part of his own subconscious had been separated from him), to which the Old Man responds, âYou give me too much credit.â15
Throughout the series Hawkâs interactions with children humanize his character, highlighting his tenderness, compassion, and patience. Such is the case with the episode âThe Divided Child,â in which Hawk comes into the lives of a businessman and his family who are being targeted by South American militia. As the narrative unfolds, audiences are made privy to the fact that the businessman established communications links for a South American government during the midst of a brutal civil war. Before leaving the country, the man and his wife adopted a young boy whose parents had purportedly been killed in the civil war. Hawk is hired by the family, primarily to provide safe haven for the child. Hawkâs use of Spanish and other gestures to communicate with the child creates yet another vantage point from which to read the complexity of Hawk. Accordingly, it is also in the context of Hawkâs em...