Nutrition and Growth

B. Koletzko, R. Shamir, D. Turck, M. Phillip

• Publisher: S. Karger
• Year: 2017
• ISBN:
  9783318059625
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Adequate nutrition is a crucial component for child growth. Under- or malnutrition may not only affect present and future growth, but also a child's ability to develop skills. Tremendous efforts are being made to try and understand the mechanisms leading to stunted growth, proper diet composition, and an appropriate rehabilitation diet for children suffering from under- or malnutrition in all age groups during the growth period. In this publication, specialists in nutrition and growth present some of the best studies from peer-reviewed journals published between July 2015 and June 2016. Each paper is briefly summarized and supplemented with editorial comments which evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application. This 'Yearbook' is an important tool for practicing physicians, including pediatricians, subspecialists in pediatric gastroenterology, metabolism and nutrition, and endocrinology. Nutritionists and dieticians, as well as other health professionals involved in the care of children, will also find this to be a useful resource.

Koletzko B, Shamir R, Turck D, Phillip M (eds): Nutrition and Growth: Yearbook 2017.
World Rev Nutr Diet. Basel, Karger, 2017, vol 116, pp 16-51 (DOI: 10.1159/000452185)

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Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Nutrition

Shlomit Shalitin^{1, 2} · Tadej Battelino³ · Luis A. Moreno⁴

¹The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel; ²Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; ³UMC-University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; ⁴GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research, University School of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

The prevalence of obesity is increasing alarmingly to epidemic proportions in children and adolescents in both developed [1] and developing countries [2]. Obesity is known to occur as a result of genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and behavioral influences [3]. Early life may be a "critical period" when appetite and regulation of energy balance is programmed, with lifelong consequences for obesity risk. Childhood obesity is widely recognized as a risk factor for development of comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, and metabolic syndrome in childhood or later life.

Dietary energy intake is a major environmental risk factor which has been the focus of numerous studies. The studies reviewed below have reported that promoting longer breastfeeding duration in high birth weight newborns may decrease their risk of developing obesity, and that the consumption of high volumes of cow milk in late infancy may increase the risk for later obesity. Research has also shown that the content of food in later life, such as protein, salt, and dietary fiber intake, can influence the tendency to become obese. Therefore, interventions in early feeding practices may help prevent childhood obesity.

Another study reported that the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) genotype effects can be attenuated with lower protein intake. Some of the studies evaluated the impact of meals and frequency of snack consumption on the risk of adiposity, and also evaluated the dietary patterns and dietary quality associated with a higher cardiometabolic risk. Few studies have revealed an association of hypovitaminosis D with cardiometabolic risk factors.

Finally, unhealthy eating behavior and obesity have been related to a sedentary lifestyle, particularly screen time. With increased consumption of "screen media" and social networking especially among adolescents, it seems that there is an association between the use of social networking sites and unhealthy eating behavior. This chapter reviews a selection of important articles published between July 2015 and June 2016 focused on the relation between nutrition, obesity, and metabolic syndrome in childhood and in young adults.

Key articles reviewed for this chapter

Longer breastfeeding duration reduces the positive relationships among gestational weight gain, birth weight and childhood anthropometrics

Zhu Y, Hernandez LM, Dong Y, Himes JH, Hirschfeld S, Forman MR

J Epidemiol Community Health 2015;69:632-638

Effects on childhood body habitus of feeding large volumes of cow or formula milk compared with breastfeeding in the latter part of infancy

Hopkins D, Steer CD, Northstone K, Emmett PM

Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:1096-1103

Associations between human milk oligosaccharides and infant body composition in the first 6 mo of life

Alderete TL, Autran C, Brekke BE, Knight R, Bode L, Goran MI, Fields DA

Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:1381-1388

The effect of a pro-breastfeeding and healthy complementary feeding intervention targeting adolescent mothers and grandmothers on growth and prevalence of overweight of preschool children

Schwartz R, Vigo A, de Oliveira LD, Justo Giugliani ER

PLoS One 2015;10:e0131884

Usual dietary energy density distribution is positively associated with excess body weight in Mexican children

Aburto TC, Cantoral A, Hernández-Barrera L, Carriquiry AL, Rivera JA

J Nutr 2015;145:1524-1530

Associations of reward sensitivity with food consumption, activity pattern, and BMI in children

De Decker A, Sioen I, Verbeken S, Braet C, Michels N, De Henauw S

Appetite 2016;100:189-196

Clustering of lifestyle behaviours and relation to body composition in European children. The IDEFICS study

Santaliestra-Pasías AM, Mouratidou T, Reisch L, Pigeot I, Ahrens W, Mårild S, Molnár D, Siani A, Sieri S, Tornatiris M, Veidebaum T, Verbestel V, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Moreno LA

Eur J Clin Nutr 2015;69:811-816

A high-protein breakfast prevents body fat gain, through reductions in daily intake and hunger, in "breakfast skipping" adolescents

Leidy HJ, Hoertel HA, Douglas SM, Higgins KA, Shafer RS

Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015;23:1761-1764

High salt intake: independent risk factor for obesity?

Ma Y, He FJ, MacGregor GA

Hypertension 2015;66:843-849

Dietary fiber intake and its association with indicators of adiposity and serum biomarkers in European adolescents: the HELENA study

Lin Y, Huybrechts I, Vereecken C, Mouratidou T, Valtueña J, Kersting M, González-Gross M, Bolca S, Wärnberg J, Cuenca-García M, Gottrand F, Toti E, Gomez-Martinez S, Grammatikaki E, Labayen I, Moreno LA, Sjöström M, Van Camp J, Roccaldo R, Patterson E, Manios Y, Molnar D, Kafatos A, Widhalm K, De Henauw S

Eur J Nutr 2015;54:771-782

Impact of an early-life intervention on the nutrition behaviours of 2-y-old children: a randomized controlled trial

Fangupo LJ, Heath AL, Williams SM, Somerville MR, Lawrence JA, Gray AR, Taylor BJ, Mills VC, Watson EO, Galland BC, Sayers RM, Hanna MB, Taylor RW

Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:704-712

An early feeding practices intervention for obesity prevention

Daniels LA, Mallan KM, Nicholson JM, Thorpe K, Nambiar S, Mauch CE, Magarey A

Pediatrics 2015;136:e40-e49

Dietary intake, FTO genetic variants, and adiposity: a combined analysis of over 16,000 children and adolescents

Qi Q, Downer MK, Kilpeläinen TO, Taal HR, Barton SJ, Ntalla I, Standl M, Boraska V, Huikari V, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Körner A, Lakka TA, Liu G, Magnusson J, Okuda M, Raitakari O, Richmond R, Scott RA, Bailey ME, Scheuermann K, Holloway JW, Inskip H, Isasi CR, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Jaddoe VW, Laitinen J, Lindi V, Melén E, Pitsiladis Y, Pitkänen N, Snieder H, Heinrich J, Timpson NJ, Wang T, Yuji H, Zeggini E, Dedoussis GV, Kaplan RC, Wylie-Rosett J, Loos RJF, Hu FB, Qi L

Diabetes 2015;64:2467-2476

Changes in dietary intake during puberty and their determinants: results from the GINIplus birth cohort study

Harris C, Flexeder C, Thiering E, Buyken A, Berdel D, Koletzko S, Bauer CP, Brüske I, Koletzko B, Standl M; GINIplus Study Group

BMC Public Health 2015;15:841

Decreasing the number of small eating occasions (<15% of total energy intake) regardless of the time of day may be important to improve diet quality but not adiposity: a cross-sectional study in British children and adolescents

Murakami K, Livingstone MB

Br J Nutr 2016;115:332-341

Stabilization of overweight prevalence and improvement of dietary habits in French children between 2004 and 2008

Carriere C, Langevin C, Déti EK, Barberger-Gateau P, Maurice S, Thibault H

Public Health Nutr 2015;18:1883-1889

Identification of a dietary pattern associated with greater cardiometabolic risk in adolescence

Appannah G, Pot GK, Huang RC, Oddy WH, Beilin LJ, Mori TA, Jebb SA, Ambrosini GL

Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015;25:643-650

Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load among Australian children and adolescents: results from the 2011-2012 Australian Health Survey

Jones M, Barclay AW, Brand-Miller JC, Louie JC

Br J Nutr 2016;116:178-187

Healthy eating index and metabolically healthy obesity in U.S. adolescents and adults

Camhi SM, Whitney Evans E, Hayman LL, Lichtenstein AH, Must A

Prev Med 2015;77:23-27

Low serum vitamin D levels are associated with increased arterial stiffness in youth with type 2 diabetes

Jha P, Dolan LM, Khoury PR, Urbina EM, Kimball TR, Shah AS

Diabetes Care 2015;38:1551-1557

Vitamin D status is associated with cardiometabolic markers in 8-11-year-old children, independently of body fat and physical activity

Petersen RA, Dalskov S-M, Sørensen LB, Hjorth MF, Andersen R, Tetens I, Krarup H, Ritz C, Astrup A, Michaelsen KM, Mølgaard C, Damsgaard CT

Br J Nutr 2015;114:1647-1655

Associations between the use of socia...