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About this book
José Martí, great Cuban patriot, wrote Spanish articles on the United States during the eighties. In the present sketch, the author has presented Martí to the country he interpreted so sympathetically and has made a living portrait of a rich and complex personality.
Originally published in 1953.
A UNC Press Enduring Edition — UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Originally published in 1953.
A UNC Press Enduring Edition — UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
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Yes, you can access José Martí by Manuel Pedro Gonzalez in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in History & North American History. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.
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NOTES
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1. Harold Underwood Faulkner, American Political and Social History (New York: F. S. Crofts & Co., 1941), p. 513.
2. George F. Kennan, American Diplomacy, 1900-1950 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1951), p. 17.
3. The only biography worthy of José Martí available in English is that of the Cuban professor, Jorge Mañach, Martí, Apostle of Freedom, translated by Coley Taylor (New York: The Devin-Adair Co., 1950). Another study worth consulting is the one written by Gonzalo de Quesada y Aróstegui, also a Cuban, under the title “José Martí” to be found in The War in Cuba (New York: Liberty Publishing Press, 1896).
LIFE OF A HERO
1. José Martí, Obras completas (Havana: Editorial Trópico, 1941), XXXIII, 55. Most of the quotations from Marti’s writings included in this study are taken from either of the two most complete editions of his works: Obras completas, Havana: Editorial Trópico, 1936-1947, 70 vols.; and Obras completas, Havana: Editorial Lex, 1946, 2 vols., 4225 pages. In order to save effort and space, references henceforth to either of the two editions will be indicated by the words “Trópico” or “Lex,” the volume and the page.
2. The life of Martí was one of perpetual renunciation of worldly goods and material benefits. Thus in 1892 he resigned his post in New York as consul of Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay because he considered it incompatible with his duties as leader of the Cuban Revolutionary Party, which he had just founded. During the same year he also sacrificed his fame as a writer and relinquished his salary as a columnist in several of the most important newspapers of Latin America, like La Nación of Buenos Aires, El Partido Liberal of Mexico, etc., and stopped contributing to the New York Sun in order to consecrate all his energies to the liberation of Cuba. Before this, he had lost his beloved son and his wife, because the latter refused to share his idealism and spirit of sacrifice.
3. José Martí, Versos sencillos (New York: Louis Weiss & Co., 1891), p. 16.
4. Two of these journals, La Edad de Oro (1889), and Patria (1892), were founded and edited by Martí; of others like La América and El Economista Americano, he was literary editor only.
5. Dana’s memory was somewhat confused. The exact period during which Martí contributed to the Sun was twelve years as indicated above—1880-1892.
6. The New York Sun, May 23, 1895, p. 6.
7. Horace S. Rubens, Liberty. The Story of Cuba (New York: Brewer, Warren & Putnam Inc., 1932), p. 30.
8. Willis Fletcher Johnson, The History of Cuba (New York: B. F. Buck and Co., Inc., 1920), IV, 9-10.
MAN OF CULTURE AND IDEALS
1. Federico de Onís, Antología de la poesía española e hispano-americana (Madrid: Publicaciones de la “Revista de Filología Española,” 1934), p. 34.
2. William Rex Crawford, A Century of Latin American Thought (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1944), pp. 230-231.
3. Lex, II, 1845.
4. Isaac Goldberg, Studies in Spanish-American Literature (New York: Brentano’s, 1920), p. 52.
5. Abel Plenn, “Book Review,” New York Times, July 2, 1950, p. 4.
MAN OF DESTINY
1. The idea that great heroes or leaders are only an expression and an instrument of the social forces and needs, and are forged by them, was expounded by Martí on many occasions. Thus, writing on the great abolitionist, Wendell Phillips, in 1884, he said: “Los grandes hombres, aun aquéllos que lo son de veras porque cultivan la grandeza que hallan en sí y la emplean en beneficio ajeno, son meros vehículos de las grandes fuerzas.” (Lex, I, 1084.)
2. Trópico, XXXII, 168.
3. Lex, I, 271.
THE UNITED STATES IN THE EIGHTIES
1. Allan Nevins and Henry Steele Commager, History of the United States (New York: Pocket Books, Inc., 1951), p. 302.
MARTÍ, CHRONICLER OF TRANSFORMATION
1. The Fear of Freedom (New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1951), p. 72.
2. Lex, II, 1209.
3. Trópico, XVII, 25.
4. Cf. José Martí, Cartas a Manuel A. Mercado (Mexico: Ediciones de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma, 1946), p. 146.
5. Lex, I, 1292, 1294.
6. En las elecciones ¡qué comprar los votos o cambiarlos en las urnas, o rebajarlos en las listas, cuando era menester! En las asambleas menores de los Estados que eligen los diputados a la Convención que ha de designar el candidato del partido a la presidencia, ¡qué excluir, con anatema de traición, a los que se negaban a votar en el interés de los políticos de oficio!

“Una tienda abierta, donde se mercadea por los rincones el honor, han venido a ser las convenciones, un tiempo gloriosas, en que los delegados del partido en cada Estado se reúnen cada cuatro años a elegir su candidato para el primer empleo de la Nación. Toda una delegación se compraba con unos cuantos millares de pesos, así como esta suerte de delegados para serlo, había comprado, siempre de mala manera, en la asamblea menor del Estado, el nombramiento en virtud del cual podían luego en la convención nacional vender su voto. Y dinero para estas compras de delegaciones oscilantes, jamás faltaba, por haber tanta enorme corporación, y tanto atrevido empresario, interesado en el triunfo del candidato que, en recompensa de estos anticipos, ha prometido estar a su servicio. Así, como de un templo profanado se retiraron de la última convención las gentes blancas del partido. (Trópico, XXXI, 24-26.)
A PLUTARCHIAN PORTRAYER
1. Here is an example of the lyric exaltation of President Garfield in which Martí endows him with the same virtues he himself possessed:
Vivir en estos tiempos y ser puro, ser elocuente, bravo y bello, y no haber sido mordido, torturado y triturado por pasiones; llevar la mente a la madurez que ha menester, y guardar el corazón en verdor sano; triunfar del hambre, de la vanidad propia, de la malquerencia que engendra la valía, y triunfar sin oscurecer la conciencia ni mercadear con el decoro; bracear, en suma, con el mar amargo, y dar miel de los labios generosos, y beber de aire y agua corrompidos, y quedar sano: ¡he ahí maravillas! ¡Cuánta agonía callada! ¡Cuánta batalla milagrosa! ¡Cuánta proeza de héroe! Resistir a la tierra es ya, hoy que se vive de tierra, sobradísima hazaña, y mayor, vencerla. (Ibid., XXVIII, 146.)
2. Lex, I, 1054.
3. Ibid., p. 1195.
4. R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., Inc., 1950), p. 235.
5. In the history of the United States, Wendell Phillips symbolizes the moral conscience of Puritan New England better perhaps than any other reformer. Phillips is one of the country’s truly great human and ethical forces, whose spiritual stature has not yet been duly recognized. At a time when he was condemned and vilified by the advocates and beneficiaries of the big profits system, José Martí proclaimed him as one of the noblest men this country had produced.
6. Reiterating the concept expressed in note 17 above, Martí wrote of Beecher:
Nada es un hombre en sí, y lo que es, lo pone en él su pueblo. En vano concede la Naturaleza a algunos de sus hijos cualidades privilegiadas, porque serán polvo y azote si no se hacen carne de su pueblo, mientras que si van con él, y le sirven de brazo y de voz, por él se verán encumbrados, como las flores que lleva en su cima una montaña. Los hombres son productos, expresiones, reflejos: viven en lo que coinciden con su época, o en lo que se diferencian marcadamente de ella; lo que flota les empuja y pervade: no es aire sólo lo que les pesa sobre los hombros, sino pensamiento: éstas son las grandes bodas del hombre; ¡sus bodas con la patria!
¿Cómo, sin el fragor de los combates de su pueblo, sin sus antecedentes e instituciones, hubiera llegado a su singular eminencia Henry Ward Beecher, pensador inseguro, orador llano, teólogo flojo y voluble, pastor hombruno y olvidadizo, palabra helada en la iglesia? Nada importa que su secta fuera más liberal que sus rivales; porque los hombres, subidos ya a la libertad entera, no necesitan de una de sus gradas.
Pero Beecher, criado en la hermosura y albedrío del campo por padres en quienes se acumulaban por herencia los caracteres de su nación, creció, palpitó, culminó como ésta, y en su naturaleza robusta, nodriza de su palabra pujante y desordenada, se condensaron las cualidades de su pueblo, clamó su crimen, suplicó su miedo, retemblaron sus batallas y sus victorias. El pudo ser la maravilla: ¡un hombre libre que vive en una época grandiosa! (Lex, I, 1064.)
7. I have translated the last sentence only. Following is the complete description. Indignation and tenderness are mingled here with pity for the innocent victims and rebuke for a social and economic system that tolerated such wretchedness amidst so much showy luxury:
… allá en las calles húmedas donde hombres y mujeres se amasan y revuelven, sin aire ...
Table of contents
- Cover Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Introduction, by Sturgis E. Leavitt
- Preface
- Contents
- Historical Perspective
- Life of a Hero
- Man of Culture and Ideals
- Man of Destiny
- The United States in the Eighties
- Martí, Chronicler of Transformation
- A Plutarchian Portrayer
- Interpreter of the Social Panorama
- David and Goliath
- Notes