Another Darkness, Another Dawn

A History of Gypsies, Roma and Travellers

Becky Taylor

• Publisher: Reaktion Books
• Year: 2014
• Print ISBN: 9781780232577
• eBook ISBN: 9781780232973
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: World History
• Index: History

Vilified and marginalized, the Romani people—widely referred to as Gypsies, Roma, and Travellers—are seen as a people without place, either geographically or socially, no matter where they live or what they do. In this new chronological history of the Romani, Another Darkness, Another Dawn demonstrates how their experiences provide a way to understand mainstream society's relationship with outsiders and immigrants. Becky Taylor follows the Gypsies, Roma, and Travelers from their roots in the Indian subcontinent to their travels across the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires to Western Europe and the Americas, exploring their persecution and enslavement at the hands of others. Rather than seeing these peoples as separate from society and untouched by history, she sets their experiences in the context of broader historical changes. Their history, she reveals, is ultimately linked to the founding of empires; the Reformation and Counter-Reformation; numerous wars; the expansion of law, order, and nation-states; the Enlightenment; nationalism; modernity; and the Holocaust. Taylor also shows how the lives of the Romani today reflect the increasing regulation of modern society. Ultimately, she demonstrates that history is not always about progress: the place of Gypsies remains as contested and uncertain today as it was upon their first arrival in Western Europe in the fifteenth century. As much a history of Europe as of the Romani, Another Darkness, Another Dawn paints a revealing portrait of a people who still struggle to be understood.

REFERENCES

Preface

1 B. Donovan, ‘Changing Perceptions of Social Deviance: Gypsies in Early Modern Portugal and Brazil’, Journal of Social History, XXVI/1 (1992), p. 33.

2 E. M. Hall, ‘Gentile Cruelty to Gypsies’, Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (hereafter JGLS), 3rd series, XI/2 (1932), pp. 49–56.

3 Sinti are a traditionally nomadic group whose presence in Germany dates back at least to the sixteenth century. By the late nineteenth century they had extended their presence to Belgium, the Netherlands, northern Italy, France and Russia.

Introduction: In Search of the ‘True Gypsy’?

1 C. Clark, ‘Who are the Gypsies and Travellers of Britain?’, in Here to Stay: The Gypsies and Travellers of Britain, ed. C. Clark and M. Greenfield (Hatfield, 2006), p. 11. The best overview of the debate is contained in D. Mayall, Gypsy Identities, 1500 to 2000: From Egipcyians and Moon-men to the Ethnic Romany (London and New York, 2004).

2 Quoted in R. A. Scott Macfie, ‘John Sampson, 1862–1981’, JGLS, 3rd series; VI/1 (1932), pp. 3–23, p. 6. G. Borrow, Romany Rye (London, 1948), p. x.

3 See for example G. Hall, The Gypsy’s Parson, his Experiences and Adventures (London, 1915), pp. 3–4; H. T. Crofton, ‘Affairs of Egypt, 1882–1906’, JGLS, new series, I/4 (1908), pp. 366–7.

4 M. A. Crowther, ‘The Tramp’, in Myths of the English, ed. R. Porter (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 91–113.

5 A. Symons, ‘In Praise of Gypsies’, JGLS, new series, I/4 (1908), pp. 295–9.

6 E. Waugh, ‘Children of the Wilderness’, in J. Sampson, The Wind on the Heath: A Gypsy Anthology (London, 1930), p. 12. See also D. Yates, My Gypsy Days, Recollections of a Romani Rawnie (London, 1953), p. 17; and Symons, ‘In Praise of Gypsies’, p. 296.

7 A. Thesleff, ‘Report on the Gypsy Problem’, trans H. Ehrenborg, JGLS new series, V/2 (1911), pp. 83–85 and continued in JGLS VI/4 (1911), p. 266.

8 D. Mayall, Gypsy-Travellers in Nineteenth Century Society (Cambridge, 1988), p. 78.

9 Quoted in A. Fraser, The Gypsies (Oxford, 1995), pp. 22–3.

10 See J. Sampson, The Dialect of the Gypsies of Wales (Oxford, 1926).

11 See for example E. Marushiakova and V. Popov, Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire (Hatfield, 2001); D. Kenrick, Gypsies from the Ganges to the Thames (Hatfield, 2004), p. 10.

12 E. Marushiakova and V. Popov, Gypsies (Roma) in Bulgaria (Frankfurt am Main, 1997) and their Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire.

13 Kenrick, Gypsies from the Ganges to the Thames, p. 10.

14 I. Medizabal et al., ‘Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data’, Current Biology, XXII/4 (2012), pp. 2342–9.

15 Two contrasting findings are found in M. Nagy et al., ‘Searching for the Origin of Romanies: Slovakian Romani, Jats of Haryana and Jat Sikhs Y-STR Data in Comparison with Different Romani Populations’, Forensic Science International, CLXIX/1 (2007), pp. 19–26; and I. Mendizabal et al., ‘Reconstructing the Indian Origin and Dispersal of the European Roma: A Maternal Genetic Perspective’, PLOS One, VI/1 (2011); D. Gresham et al., ‘Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies)’, American Journal of Human Genetics, LXIX/6 (2001), pp. 1314–31.

16 I. Hancock, ‘Mind the Doors! The Contribution of Linguistics’, in All Change! Romani Studies through Romani Eyes, ed. D. le Bas and T. Acton (Hatfield, 2010), p. 6.

17 While they differ in their conclusions, probably the two most thorough linguistic overviews for the non-specialist are Fraser’s The Gypsies, chapter one, and Hancock’s, ‘Mind the Doors!’, pp. 5–26.

18 The different positions may be summed up in Hancock, ‘Mind the Doors!’ and Kenrick Gypsies from the Ganges to the Thames; see also Fraser, The Gypsies, chapter one; and R. Turner, ‘The Position of Romani in Indo-Aryan’, JGLS, 3rd series, I/5 (1926), pp. 145–89 on the specific point of departure from India.

19 G. C. Soulis, ‘The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the Late Middle Ages’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 15 (1961), p. 163.

20 Soulis, ‘Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire’, p. 144. See also I. Hancock, The Pariah Syndrome: An Account of Gypsy Slavery and Persecution (Ann Arbor, MI, 1987), p. 9.

21 Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 35.

22 See E. Kohen, History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire (Lanham, MD, 2007), pp. 76–7. For a general account of the iconoclastic period of Byzantine history see J. Herrin, Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire (London, 2007), chapter ten.

23 Soulis provides the best account of the etymological discussion surrounding this word in his ‘Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire’, pp. 145–6.

24 Kenrick, Gypsies from the Ganges to the Thames, p. 35.

25 The Life of Saint George the Athonite was written by his disciple George the Small at the Monastery of Iveron in c. 1068. The Latin translation of the relevant portion of text and discussion can be found in Soulis, ‘Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire’, p. 145.

26 This quotation and the subsequent discussion is taken from Soulis, ‘Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire’, p. 147.

27 See Marushiakova and Popov, Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire, p. 38.

28 Fraser, The Gypsies, p. 50.

29 Soulis, ‘Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire’, pp. 153 and 158.

30 The ...

Table of contents

• Front Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• Introduction: In Search of the ‘True Gypsy’?
• ONE Out of the Medieval World
• TWO Breaking Bodies, Banishing Bodies
• THREE The Dark Enlightenment
• FOUR Nationalism, Race and Respectability
• FIVE Into the Flames
• SIX A New Dawn?
• Afterword
• References
• Further Reading
• Acknowledgements
• Index