Gas Sensing in Cells

Shigetoshi Aono

• Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
• Year: 2017
• eBook ISBN: 9781788013437
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Biochemistry

Gas molecules such as O 2, NO, CO and ethylene are present in the environment and are endogenously (enzymatically) produced to act as signalling molecules in biological systems, including the regulation of metabolic networks, chemotaxis, circadian rhythms, mammalian hypoxia responses, and plant ethylene responses by transcriptional, translational, or post translational control. Sensing these gas molecules is the first step in their acting as signalling molecules. When a sensor domain/protein senses an external signal, intra- and inter-molecular signal transductions take place to regulate the biological function of a regulatory domain/protein such as DNA-binding, enzymatic activity, or protein–protein interaction. Interaction between gas molecules and sensor proteins is essential for recognition of gas molecules. Metal-containing prosthetic groups such as haem, iron–sulfur clusters, and non-haem iron centres are widely used. As these metal-containing centres are good spectroscopic probes, detail characterizations have utilized spectroscopic techniques along with X-ray crystallography.
Covering both the signalling and sensing of gaseous molecules, this book provides the first comprehensive overview of gas sensor proteins in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This book will be particularly interesting to postgraduates and researchers in biochemistry, molecular biology and metallobiology.

CHAPTER 1

Overview of Gas-sensing Systems

Shigetoshi Aono

^a Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan;

^b Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan

* E-mail: [email protected]

1.1 Introduction

Gas molecules such as O₂, NO, CO and ethylene are present in the environment and are endogenously (enzymatically) produced to act as signalling molecules in biological systems. Sensing these gas molecules is the first step in their acting as signalling molecules. Sensor proteins are usually required. Input signals generated by gas sensing have to transduce to output signals that regulate biological functions. This is achieved by biological signal-transduction systems, as described in Section 1.2.

Recognition of the cognate gas molecules is a general mechanism of functional regulation for gas-sensor proteins. This induces conformational changes in proteins that controls their activities for following signal transductions. Interaction between gas molecules and sensor proteins is essential for recognition of gas molecules. Metal-containing prosthetic groups are widely used. It is known that O₂, NO, and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species react with thiol groups and nucleotides to induce biological signal transductions.^1–101-¹0 However, this book will focus on metal-containing gas-sensor proteins and the signalling systems working with them. The sensor proteins discussed here are summarized in Table 1.1. The basic properties of typical prosthetic groups used by these proteins are summarized in Section 1.3. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 will cover the haem-based NO, O₂, and CO sensors, respectively. Iron–sulfur cluster-based sensors will be addressed in Chapter 5, followed by Chapter 6 describing nonhaem iron-based sensors. The book also will cover mammalian O₂ signalling systems and plants ethylene signalling systems in Chapters 7 and 8, respectively.

Table 1.1 Sensor proteins discussed in this book.

Sensor protein	Organism	Sensor domain^a	Prosthetic group^b	Effector	Function^c	Chapter
sGC	Mammals	H-NOX	Haem	NO	GC	2
H-NOX	Clostridium botulinum, Caldanaerobacter subterraneus, Legionella pneumophila, Nostoc sp., Pseudoalteromonas atlantica, Shewanella oneidensis	H-NOX	Haem	NO/O2	Standalone or fused to regulatory domains	2
	Shewanella woodyi, Vibrio cholerae
YybT	Bacillus subtilis, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans	PAS	Haem	NO/haem	PDE	2
E75	Bombyx mori, Drosophila melanogaster, Oncopeltus fasciatus	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	Haem	NO	TR	2
NosP	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	FIST	Haem	NO	HK in TCS	2
DNR	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	CRP/FNR	Haem	NO	TR	2
FixL	Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Sinorhizobium meliloti	PAS	Haem	O2	HK in TCS	3
DevS (DosS)	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	GAF	Haem	O2/redox change	HK in TCS	3
DosT	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	GAF	Haem	O2	HK in TCS	3
AfGcHK	Anaeromyxobacter sp.	GCS	Haem	O2	HK in TCS	3
Aer	Escherichia coli	PAS	FMN	Change(s) in redox potential, H^+ motive force, or electron flux	MCP	3
Aer2	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	PAS	Haem	O2	MCP	3
HemAT	Bacillus subtilis, Halobactrium salinarum	GCS	Haem	O2	MCP	3
YddV (DosC)	Escherichia coli	GCS	Haem	O2	DGC	3
EcDOS (DosP)	Escherichia coli	PAS	Haem	O2	PDE	3
HemDGC	Desulfotalea psychrophila	GCS	Haem	O2	DGC	3
AvGReg	Azotobacter vinelandii	GCS	Haem	O2	DGC	3
BpeGReg	Bordetella pertussis	GCS	Haem	O2	DGC	3
AxPDEA1	Gluconacetobacter xylinus	PAS	Haem	O2	PDE	3
Gyc-89 Da	Drosophila melanogaster	H-NOX	Haem	O2	GC	3
Gyc-89Db
Gyc-88E
GCY-35	Caenorhabditis elegans	H-NOX	Haem	O2	GC	3
HemAC-Lm	Leishmania major	GCS	Haem	O2	AC	3
CooA	Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans, Rhodospirillum rubrum	CRP/FNR	Haem	CO	TR	4
RcoM	Burkholderia xenovorans	PAS	Haem	CO	TR	4
NPAS2	Mammals	PAS	Haem	CO	TR	4
CLOCK	Mammals	PAS	Haem	CO	TR	4
CBS	Mammals	-	Haem	CO/NO	CBS	4
FNR	Escherichia coli, Aliivibrio fischeri	CRP/FNR	[4Fe–4S]	O2	TR	5
FNR	Bacillus subtilis	CRP/FNR	[4Fe–4S]	O2	TR	5
FnrP	Paracoccus denitrificans	CRP/FNR	[4Fe–4S]	O2	TR	5
ANR	Pseudomonas putida	CRP/FNR	[4Fe–4S]	O2	TR	5
NreB	Staphylococci	PAS	[4Fe–4S]	O2	HK in TCS	5
AirS	Staphylococcus aureus	GAF	[2Fe–2S]	O2	HK in TCS	5
SoxR	Escherichia coli	MerR	[2Fe–2S]	O2^−, redox-active compounds	TR	5, 6
IscR	Escherichia coli	Rrf2	[2Fe–2S]	O2/oxidative stress	TR	5
RsrR	Streptomyces venezuelae	Rrf2	[2Fe–2S]	O2?	TR	5
NsrR	Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces coelicolor	Rrf2	[4Fe–4S]	NO	TR	5, 6
WhiB-like (Wbl) proteins	Actinobacteria	?	[4Fe–4S]	NO/O2/redox stress...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Chapter 1 Overview of Gas-sensing Systems
• Chapter 2 Haem-based Sensors of Nitric Oxide
• Chapter 3 Haem-based Sensors of Dioxygen
• Chapter 4 Haem-based Sensors of Carbon Monoxide
• Chapter 5 Iron–Sulfur Cluster-based Sensors
• Chapter 6 Nonhaem Iron-based Sensors of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species
• Chapter 7 Mammalian O2 Sensing and Signalling
• Chapter 8 Plant Ethylene Sensing and Signalling
• Subject Index