1
A TIME FOR EVERY PURPOSE
Farmers and gardeners who started working the land before World War II inherited a wealth of local knowledge which provided guidance on what crops should be planted and when they should be harvested.
However, before anything was sown or planted, plants already growing wild on the site might be examined to indicate the fertility, or otherwise, of the soil.
In Shetland, arvi (common chickweed) was believed to grow wherever the soil was fertile, whereas a profusion of meldi (corn spurrey) was considered to indicate that the soil was infertile and manure was required.1 Similarly, on the sandy soils of the Surrey/Sussex/Hampshire border, corn spurrey was known as hunger-weed, and its appearance in a garden implied that manuring was required.2 In Ireland thistles were believed to indicate fertile soils:
A blind man went to buy a farm. âTie that horse to a thistle,â he said to his son. âI donât see any thistles,â said the son. âOh,â said the old man, âweâll go home son, I wonât buy this land, itâs too poor and bad.â3
In Lincolnshire it was said that there was a sixpence at the bottom of the root of a thistle.4 Presumably this referred to the idea that thistles indicated good soil, or it might imply that each thistle plant removed a sixpence worth of goodness from the land.
Heather indicated poor soil. In Cumbria it was said, âWhere thereâs bracken thereâs gold, where thereâs gorse thereâs silver, where thereâs heather thereâs poverty.â5 While in County Kerry it was recorded: âGold under furze, silver under rushes and famine under heathâ.6
Sometimes the flowering or leaf production of one plant indicated the time for the sowing of another. Spring was said to have arrived when one could place oneâs foot on a number of daisies:
âIt ainât springâ said an old cottager to me, âuntil you can plant your foot upon twelve daisies.â7
In Cambridgeshire, spring had arrived âwhen you could put your foot on seven, or, in some places nine daisies â the number could vary even between neighboursâ.8
Herefordshire farmers would sow their spring barley when whitlow grass â an inconspicuous white-flowered herbaceous plant â flowered.9
The flowering of blackthorn was widely believed to coincide with a spell of cold weather, known as the âblackthorn winterâ.10 However, this time was frequently held to be ideal for sowing barley. In Wiltshire it was said: âWhen the blackthorn is white, sow barley both day and nightâ.11 Alternatively, when soil felt âwarm to oneâs bare bottomâ it was sufficiently warm to sow barley.12
The production of elm leaves could also provide guidance. In Warwickshire:
When the elmen leaf is as big as a mouseâs ear,
Then to sow barley never fear;
When the elmen leaf is as big as an oxâs eye,
Then says I, âHie, boys, Hie!â
When the elm leaves are as big as a shilling,
Plant kidney beans, if to plant âem youâre willing;
When elm leaves are as big as a penny,
You must plant kidney beans if you want any.13
Also in Warwickshire: âdo not plant your kidney beans until elm leaves are as big as sixpences, or they will be killed by frostsâ.14
Similarly, in Guernsey:
QuĂĄnd tu veit la fieille d lâorme,
Prends ta pouque et seme ton orge.
When you see the elm in leaf,
Take your seed-bag and sow your barley.15
In Huntingdonshire it was thought that âon Valentineâs Day, beans should be in clayâ.16 Presumably the beans referred to are broad beans, which are cultivated on a field-scale for horse-food, rather than runner, or kidney, beans which are grown in domestic gardens. People in West Yorkshire were advised not to plant kidney beans until hawthorn buds had opened.17
Fishermen also watched such things. In Herefordshire:
When the bud of the aul [alder] is as big as a troutâs eye
Then that fish is in season in the River Wye.18
Guernsey fishermen set to sea for mackerel when foxgloves bloomed.19
In the western counties of England it was believed that frosts cease when mulberry trees burst into leaf.20 However, Devon gardeners were advised to keep tender plants indoors until St Frankinâs Days were past. According to a legend recorded in 1894, the Devil made a pact with a local brewer, named Frankan. The Devil would ensure frosts on three nights from around 19 to 21 May to damage apple blossom and hence diminish the apple crop and limit production of Devonshire cider for as long as the brewer adulterated his beer. Thus when frosts occurred at this time it was a sign that brewers continued to fulfil their side of the contract.21
Farmers needed good dry spells for their hay and corn harvests. The opening of oak and ash buds was supposed to indicate what sort of summer might be expected. It was generally believed that if ash trees produce their leaves before oak trees, the summer will be wet. In County Antrim:
If the oak before the ash,
Then weâll only have a splash.
If the ash before the oak,
Then weâll surely have a soak.22
In Somerset:
Oak before ash â splash;
Ash before oak â soak.23
Christian festivals and local revels, many of which had forgotten associations with local saintsâ days, could provide guidance for the planting. In theory, but apparently rarely in practice, shallots were planted on the shortest day (21 December) and harvested on the longest (21 June).24
The weather at Easter might provide an indication of the success or failure of some crops. In the Ilmington district of Warwickshire it was said:
Wet on Good Friday and Easter Day
Much good grass but little good hay.25
Similarly, in Herefordshire:
Rain on Good Friday, or Easter Day
A good crop of hops, but a bad one of hay.26
In Derbyshire27 and elsewhere it was believed that if the sun shone through the branches of apple trees on Christmas Day, an abundant crop was foretold. According to a north Dorset couplet:
If wold Christmas Day be fair and bright
Yeâd have apples to your heartâs delight.28
Guernsey farmers believed that they should start digging the ground for their parsnip crop while they were still eating bread baked at Christmas.29 This preparation of ground appears to have been accompanied by a form of communal celebration. Bob Copper has described similar celebrations in Sussex, where Tater Beer Night, an evening of drink and song, followed the Saturday afternoon on which farm labourers planted their potatoes.30 At Shottery in Warwickshire, bean setting was traditionally started on St Valentineâs Day (14 February) and should be completed before 21 March. On the completion of the work, farmers would provide a meal of butchersâ meat and plum pudding. Elsewhere in the same county, cheese and cider were provided.31
In north Devon it was tho...