In Search Of Biohappiness: Biodiversity And Food, Health And Livelihood Security (Second Edition)

Biodiversity and Food, Health and Livelihood Security

M S Swaminathan

• Publisher: WSPC
• Year: 2015
• eBook ISBN: 9789814656955
• Edition: 2
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Science General
• Index: Biological Sciences

In Search of Biohappiness deals with methods of converting agro-biodiversity hotspots into happy spots. This involves concurrent attention to conservation, and sustainable and equitable use. Bioresources constitute the feedstock for the biotechnology industry. The aim of the book is to promote an era of biohappiness based on the conversion of bioresources into jobs and income in an environmentally sustainable manner.

The scope of Biohappiness extends to include all aspects of conservation such as in situ, ex situ and community conservation, and also covers conservation issues relating to mangroves and other coastal bioresources, whose importance has grown with the emerging possibility of significant sea-level increase from global warming. Concrete examples of how local tribal families have taken to the establishment of gene, seed, grain and water banks in villages — thus linking conservation, cultivation, consumption and commerce in a mutually-reinforcing manner — are provided in this book.

Since the first edition, biohappiness is now universally considered to be the major objective of research and development in the field of biodiversity. This edition brings the position up-to-date, and furthers the cause of biohappiness through the inclusion of a new section on its latest developments.

Foreword
Foreword (40 KB)

Contents:

• Conservation, Cultivation, Consumption and Commerce: Pathways to Biohappiness:
  • Towards an Era of Biohappiness
  • Biodiversity and Sustainable Food Security
  • Biotechnology and Biohappiness
  • Integrated Gene Management
  • Mangroves
  • Plant Variety Protection and Genetic Conservation
• Science and Sustainable Food Security:
  • The Tsunami and a New Chapter
  • Now for the Evergreen Revolution
  • Evergreen Revolution and Sustainable Food Security
  • Priorities in Agricultural Research and Education
  • Achieving Food Security in Times of Crisis
  • Synergy between Food Security Act and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
  • Common and Differentiated Entitlements: Pathway for Food Security for All
  • Designing Architecture for a Learning Revolution
  • Role of Sustainability Science
  • Towards Eliminating Hunger and Poverty
• Food Security in an Era of Climate Change and Civil Strife:
  • Copenhagen, Tsunami and Hunger
  • Monsoon Management in an Era of Climate Change
  • Media and the Farm Sector
  • Resolving Asia's Contradictions: Growth versus Inequities
  • From Killing Fields to Smiling Gardens in Northern Sri Lanka
  • Finding Common International Goals
  • Looking Back and Looking Ahead
• Towards Furthering Biohappiness:
  • New Technologies for a Small Farm Productivity Revolution
  • Overcoming the Curse of Malnutrition
  • Traditional Knowledge and Modern Science
  • Role of International Years in Meeting the Zero Hunger Challenge
  • Vision of a Food-Secure India

Readership: Environmentalists and members of the general public interested in the environment and its various aspects such as sustainability, climate change and conservation.

Section II

Science and Sustainable Food Security

Chapter 7

The Tsunami and a New Chapter

The tsunami of 26 December 2004 was a terrible calamity resulting in serious loss of lives and livelihoods in the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The response to this calamity was immediate from the Central and State governments, non-governmental organisations, bilateral and multilateral agencies, UN organisations, religious groups, and the media. In an article titled, “Beyond Tsunami: An Agenda for Action” in The Hindu of 17 January 2005, I outlined the immediate as well as the short- and long-term measures that should be taken for providing relief to the affected families, and for strengthening the coping capacity of the coastal communities in case of future tsunamis. I also indicated the steps needed to strengthen the ecological security of coastal areas, in order to ensure sustainable livelihoods for both the fishing and farm communities living along the coast. This agenda for action served as the basis for the tsunami recovery plans of many government and non-government organisations.

The tsunami served as a wake-up call for both government and community management of our coastal areas. Nearly 250 million people live within 50 km of the shoreline, in addition to about 5 million fisherfolk. The fishing communities are, unsurprisingly, the most affected during tsunamis, cyclonic storms, floods and tidal surges. Fisher families live on the coast but depend upon the sea for their livelihood. The tsunami underlined the need for an integrated approach to the management of the coastal zone.

The length of India’s coastline ranges from 1962 km in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 1600 km in Gujarat, and 1076 km in Tamil Nadu, to 142 km in the Lakshadweep Islands. From 1991, the management of the coastal zone has been regulated through the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. A Committee constituted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 2004 under my chairmanship examined the operational difficulties experienced in implementing the CRZ Notification.

We recommended that, instead of regulating only the use of the landward side of the sea, we should take both the sea and land surface for sustainable and equitable management. The inclusion of the sea surface is important to prevent pollution, erosion, and salt water intrusion as well as for facing the challenge of sea level rise caused by global warming and climate change. In a draft notification issued for public debate by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests on 21 July 2008, the coastal zone has been defined as “the area from the territorial waters limit (12 nautical miles measured from the appropriate baseline) including its sea bed, the adjacent land area along the coast and inland water bodies influenced by tidal action including its bed, up to the landward boundary of the local self government or local authority abutting the sea coast, provided that in case of ecologically and culturally sensitive areas, the entire biological or physical boundary of the area may be included as specified under the provisions of Environment Protection Act, 1986”.

The bottom line of any integrated coastal zone management strategy should be safeguarding the ecological security of coastal areas, the avoidance of sea pollution as well as unsustainable exploitation of living and non-living aquatic resources, protecting the livelihood security of fishing and farming communities, and the conservation of cultural heritage sites as well as migratory routes of birds and the Olive Ridley turtle and other faunal breeding grounds.

The fisher families, whose only source of livelihood is living aquatic resources, are concerned that the draft CRZ Notification of 2008, if implemented, will open the doors to depriving them of their housing sites and access to the ocean, because of the land grab tendencies among the rich. These are genuine concerns based on past experience. Therefore it will be desirable to enact legislation along the lines of the Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006 to safeguard the interests and rights of the fishing communities. This will ensure the long-term security of the sole means of survival for more than five million fishermen and women living near the sea.

In future, the greatest threat to coastal communities will come from a rise in sea level as a result of global warming. The President of Maldives, for example, has been highlighting the threat to the survival of his nation posed by a rise in sea level. We will face similar threats to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep group of islands, and the coastal areas in the mainland, including cities like Chennai, Mumbai, and Kolkata. Recently, the Government of India launched a National Action Plan for Climate Change comprising eight Missions. Although a reference is made in the Plan to take proactive action for preventing a serious loss of lives and livelihoods when the sea level increases in areas adjoining the oceans, it will be prudent to have a separate Mission for managing the consequences of sea level rise, because this will decide the future of nearly 250 million children, women, and men.

The mangrove and non-mangrove bioshields I recommended in The Hindu article of January 2005 have now become part of the National Disaster Management Plan. Because of the outpouring of support for post-tsunami rehabilitation from many donor agencies, non-governmental organisations could undertake several useful long-term measures. For example, scientists of the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) have undertaken the restoration, rehabilitation, and creation of bioshields in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, which will serve as effective speed breakers when a tsunami-like situation arises in the future. Over 200 hectares of bioshields have been raised in 18 villages in partnership with fishing communities. Further, a coastal farming system involving mangrove plantations and aquaculture is becoming popular. Mangroves are also very efficient in carbon sequestration, thereby contributing to the maintenance of carbon balance in the atmosphere.

The other post-tsunami initiatives of MSSRF scientists include the establishment of coastal bio villages, which can enlarge opportunities for sustainable livelihoods. For example, tsunami-affected fisher-women were trained in a few villages in poultry farming, which has proved to be a highly remunerative occupation. Another programme involved the provision to the affected families of solar lamps to replace the smoky glow of kerosene lamps while going out in the sea.

During discussions with fisher families, a strong desire for opportunities for training in the science and art of sustainable fisheries was expressed. In response to this request, a Fish for All Research and Training Centre has been set up at Poompuhar with support from Tata Trusts. This unique field research and capacity-building centre will impart training, based on the pedagogic methodology of learning by doing, to fisherwomen and men in a holistic manner, ranging from fish capture or culture to fish processing and marketing. Training in all aspects of sustainable fisheries covering conservation, capture, consumption, and commerce will be imparted. The Poompuhar Fish for All Research and Training Centre is designed to foster a technological and management revolution in small-scale fisheries.

Another MSSRF initiative has been the establishment of computer-aided and internet-connected Village Resource Centres (VRCs) and Village Knowledge Centres (VKCs). The VRCs established with the help of the Indian Space Research Organisation have satellite connectivity and teleconferencing facilities. VKCs and VRCs, managed by trained local women and men, provide demand-driven and dynamic information. Synergy between the internet and mobile phones helps fishermen in catamarans to get the latest information on wave heights at different distances from the shoreline and on the location of fish shoals. This helps to allay fears and save time in harvesting fish. Recent developments in Information and Communication Technologies have opened up uncommon opportunities for helping small-scale fishermen to practise safe and sustainable marine fisheries. This is one of the fascinating and meaningful applications of mobile phone technology. Thus, coastal bio-shields, bio villages, and knowledge centres have become important tools for integrating ecological and livelihood security in a symbiotic manner in coastal areas. The proposal is, in cooperation with panchayati raj institutions, to train one woman and one man in every block as Climate Risk Managers; they should be well versed in disaster prevention, mitigation, and management. Coastal farm families were also affected by seawater intrusion as a result of the tsunami. For them, an agronomic rehabilitation package was introduced immediately.

As far back as 1991, MSSRF initiated an anticipatory research programme to meet the challenge of sea level rise, which involves the transfer of genes for seawater tolerance from mangroves to rice, pulses, and other coastal zone crops. This strategic research programme has led to the breeding of salt tolerant varieties of rice, which are undergoing tests as per prescribed regulatory procedures.

Impressive progress has been made by the State governments and non-governmental organisations in providing well-designed and hygienic homes to the affected families. The calamitous tsunami thus marked the beginning of a new chapter in the lives of those who lost their homes, fish boats, and much else. It is possible that global climate change will increase the frequency of such trials. Anticipatory action plans for managing the consequences of seawater intrusion in our coastal areas have become an imperative. At the same time, sea-water is a valuable resource for raising salt-tolerant trees and crop varieties and fish in suitable agro-forestry and silvi-aquaculture systems. The 2004 tsunami has thus opened a new chapter in the lives of those who depend on the ocean for their livelihood as well as those who live near the sea and derive their income from a variety of opportunities, including farming, industry, and tourism.

Chapter 8

Now for the Evergreen Revolution

In India, farming is part of our culture. Seventy per cent of our population are engaged in farming. Half the world’s farmers live in India or China: Every fourth farmer is Indian.

Famines were recurrent in India before Independence. Between 1870 and 1900, according to British records, 30 million people died of hunger and starvation. Nearly three million people died in the great Bengal famine — in what is now Bangladesh and India — in 1943–1944, just before Independence. After Independence, both Nehru and Indira Gandhi laid great emphasis on bringing more land under irrigation, in order to insulate our farming from being “a gamble on the monsoon”, as Sir Albert Howard wrote in 1916. As every farmer knows, without water you can do nothing.

From the time I joined the Agricultural College at Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu in 1944, I have seen India’s agricultural destiny transformed from being purely a gamble on the rain to being a gamble on the market. In 1950, our total food grain production was 50 million tonnes. In 2009–2010, it is estimated to be 218 million tonnes. Our average growth rate, particularly in the last 30 years, has been about 3 per cent per annum, which is above our population growth rate.

Twenty-five years ago we were number 25 in the world in wheat production, and now we are number two. We are number two in rice production and number one in milk production: All produced by very small farmers. To quote Mahatma Gandhi, “our production is production by the masses” — in contrast to the mass-production technology of the industrialised nations. What we need in India is not jobless growth but job-led economic growth: A human-centered kind of development. We need more farmers’ farming and less factory farming.

How did this progress take place? The most important factor was the farmers’ receptivity. Our farmers were thought of by Western writers as fatalistic, unlikely to respond to technology. They have proved to be like farmers anywhere else, with three determinants affecting their decisions — cost, risk and return.

The government had three major roles. One was technological: both National and State governments made large investments in agricultural research and education. We have a vast network of agricultural institutes and universities. And we have had the good fortune of close international partnership.

Technology alone is not adequate. Telling the farmer, “Grow this seed” has no particular meaning unless the seeds are available. Jalna, in Maharashtra, has become “the seed capital of India”. Such services as the production of seed, irrigation, credit supply, fertilisers have been very important.

Government’s third, and most important, contribution was a package of public policy, particularly in terms of agrarian reform and input–output pricing. Thirty years ago, the average Punjab farmer produced one tonne of rice per hectare, and kept 800 kg or so for his family. But if he can produce five tonnes, then he has four tonnes to sell and more cash in hand. The smaller the farm, the greater the need for a marketable surplus.

A small farm is ideal for intensive, precision agriculture. On the other hand, small farmers often cannot take risks, have no access to credit and are resource-poor. This is why public policy, such as the small farmers’ programme, marginal farmers’ programme and programmes for drought-prone areas, matters so much.

The milk revolution was partly achieved by technology, but mostly by institutional reform. The cooperatives gave the power of scale to the woman who had only three or four litres to sell per day.

Cooperatives, joint stock companies and other forms of organisation give small producers the power of scale both at the production end and at the post-harvest end. Modern ecological agriculture involves integrated pest management, integrated nutrient supply, scientific water management — “more crop per drop”. None of this can be done by a single small farmer alone. It has to be done on an area basis.

Our population now exceeds one billion. Arable land is going out of agricu...

Table of contents

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Foreword
• Introduction
• Section I Conservation, Cultivation, Consumption and Commerce: Pathways to Biohappiness
• Section II Science and Sustainable Food Security
• Section III Food Security in an Era of Climate Change and Civil Strife
• Section IV Towards Furthering Biohappiness
• Index