St. Anselm's Proslogion
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St. Anselm's Proslogion

With A Reply on Behalf of the Fool by Gaunilo and The Author's Reply to Gaunilo

Saint Anselm, M. J. Charlesworth

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eBook - ePub

St. Anselm's Proslogion

With A Reply on Behalf of the Fool by Gaunilo and The Author's Reply to Gaunilo

Saint Anselm, M. J. Charlesworth

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About This Book

In the Proslogion, St. Anselm presents a philosophical argument for the existence of God. Anselm's proof, known since the time of Kant as the ontological argument for the existence of God, has played an important role in the history of philosophy and has been incorporated in various forms into the systems of Descartes, Leibniz, Hegel, and others.

Included in this edition of the Proslogion are Gaunilo's "A Reply on Behalf of the Fool" and St. Anselm's "The Author's Reply to Gaunilo." All three works are in the original Latin with English translation on facing pages. Professor Charlesworth's introduction provides a helpful discussion of the context of the Proslogion in the theological tradition and in Anselm's own thought and writing.

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PROSLOGION
WITH A REPLY ON BEHALF OF THE FOOL BY GAUNILO AND THE AUTHOR’S REPLY TO GAUNILO
QUID AD HAEC RESPONDEAT QUIDAM PRO INSIPIENTE
[1.] DUBITANTI utrum sit vel neganti quod sit aliqua talis natura, qua nihil maius cogitari possit, cum esse illam hinc dicitur primo probari, quod ipse negans vel ambigens de illa iam habeat eam in intellectu, cum audiens illam dici id quod dicitur intelligit; deinde quia quod intelligit, necesse est ut non in solo intellectu sed etiam in re sit, et hoc ita probatur quia maius est esse et in re quam in solo intellectu, et si illud in solo est intellectu, maius illo erit quidquid etiam in re fuerit, ac sic maius omnibus minus erit aliquo et non erit maius omnibus, quod utique repugnat; et ideo necesse est ut maius omnibus, quod esse iam probatum est in intellectu, non in solo intellectu sed et in re sit, quoniam aliter maius omnibus esse non poterit: respondere forsan potest:
[2.] Quod hoc iam esse dicitur in intellectu meo, non ob aliud nisi quia id quod dicitur intelligo: nonne et quaecumque falsa ac nullo prorsus modo in seipsis existentia in intellectu habere similiter dici possem, cum ea dicente aliquo, quaecumque ille diceret, ego intelligerem? Nisi forte tale illud constat esse ut non eo modo quo etiam falsa quaeque vel dubia, haberi possit in cogitatione, et ideo non dicor illud auditum cogitare vel in cogitatione habere, sed intelligere et in intellectu habere; quia scilicet non possim hoc aliter cogitare, nisi intelligendo id est scientia comprehendendo re ipsa illud existere. Sed si hoc est, primo quidem non hic erit iam aliud idemque tempore praecedens habere rem in intellectu, et aliud idque tempore sequens intelligere rem esse; ut fit de pictura quae prius est in animo pictoris, deinde in opere. Deinde vix umquam poterit esse credibile, cum dictum et auditum fuerit istud, non eo modo posse cogitari non esse, quo etiam potest non esse deus. Nam si non potest: cur contra negantem aut dubitantem quod sit aliqua talis natura, tota ista disputatio est assumpta? Postremo quod tale sit illud ut non possit nisi mox cogitatum indubitabilis existentiae suae certo percipi intellectu, indubio aliquo probandum mihi est argumento, non autem isto quod iam sit hoc in intellectu meo cum auditum intelligo, in quo similiter esse posse quaecumque alia incerta vel etiam falsa ab aliquo cuius verba intelligerem dicta adhuc puto; et insuper magis, si illa deceptus ut saepe fit crederem, qui istud nondum credo.
[3.] Unde nec illud exemplum de pictore picturam quam facturus est iam in intellectu habente, satis potest huic argumento congruere. Illa enim pictura antequam fiat in ipsa pictoris arte habetur, et tale quippiam in arte artificis alicuius nihil est aliud quam pars quaedam intelligentiae ipsius; quia et sicut sanctus Augustinus ait: ‘cum faber arcam facturus in opere, prius habet illam in arte; arca quae fit in opere non est vita, arca quae est in arte vita est, quia vivit anima artificis, in qua sunt ista omnia, antequam proferantur’. Ut quid enim in vivente artificis anima vita sunt ista, nisi quia nil sunt aliud quam scientia vel intelligentia animae ipsius? At vero quidquid extra illa, quae ad ipsam mentis noscuntur pertinere naturam aut auditum aut excogitatum intellectu percipitur verum: aliud sine dubio est verum illud, aliud intellectus ipse quo capitur. Quocirca etiam si verum sit esse aliquid quo maius quicquam nequeat cogitari: non tamen hoc auditum et intellectum tale est qualis nondum facta pictura in intellectu pictoris.
[4.] Huc accedit illud, quod praetaxatum est superius, quia scilicet illud omnibus quae cogitari possint maius, quod nihil aliud posse esse dicitur quam ipse deus, tam ego secundum rem vel ex specie mihi vel ex genere notam, cogitare auditum vel in intellectu habere non possum, quam nec ipsum deum, quem utique ob hoc ipsum etiam non esse cogitare possum. Neque enim aut rem ipsam novi aut ex alia possum conicere simili, quandoquidem et tu talem asseris illam, ut esse non possit simile quicquam. Nam si de homine aliquo mihi prorsus ignoto, quem etiam esse nescirem, dici tamen aliquid audirem: per illam specialem generalemve notitiam qua quid sit homo vel homines novi, de illo quoque secundum rem ipsam quae est homo cogitare possem. Et tamen fieri posset, ut mentiente illo qui diceret, ipse quem cogitarem homo non esset; cum tamen ego de illo secundum veram nihilominus rem, non quae esset ille homo, sed quae est homo quilibet, cogitarem. Nec sic igitur, ut haberem falsum istud in cogitatione vel in intellectu, habere possum illud cum audio dici ‘deus’ aut ‘aliquid omnibus maius’, cum quando illud secundum rem veram mihique notam cogitare possem, istud omnino nequeam nisi tantum secundum vocem, secundum quam solam aut vix aut numquam potest ullum cogitari verum; siquidem cum ita cogitatur, non tam vox ipsa quae res est utique vera, hoc est litterarum sonus vel syllabarum, quam vocis auditae significatio cogitetur; sed non ita ut ab illo qui novit, quid ea soleat voce significari, a quo scilicet cogitatur secundum rem vel in sola cogitatione veram, verum ut ab eo qui illud non novit et solummodo cogitat secundum animi motum illius auditu vocis effectum significationemque perceptae vocis conantem effingere sibi. Quod mirum est, si umquam rei veritate potuerit. Ita ergo nec prorsus aliter adhuc in intellectu meo constat illud haberi, cum audio intelligoque dicentem esse aliquid maius omnibus quae valeant cogitari. Haec de eo, quod summa illa natura iam esse dicitur in intellectu meo.
[5.] Quod autem et in re necessario esse inde mihi probatur, quia nisi fuerit, quidquid est in re maius illa erit, ac per hoc non erit illud maius omnibus, quod utique iam esse probatum est in intellectu: ad hoc respondeo: Si esse dicendum est in intellectu, quod secundum veritatem cuiusquam rei nequit saltem cogitari: et hoc in meo sic esse non denego. Sed quia per hoc esse quoque in re non potest ullatenus obtinere: illud ei esse adhuc penitus non concedo, quousque mihi argumento probetur indubio. Quod qui esse dicit hoc quod maius omnibus aliter non erit omnibus maius: non satis attendit cui loquatur. Ego enim nondum dico, immo etiam nego vel dubito ulla re vera esse maius illud, nec aliud ei esse concedo quam illud, si dicendum est ‘esse’, cum secundum vocem tantum auditam rem prorsus ignotam sibi conatur animus effingere. Quomodo igitur inde mihi probatur maius illud rei veritate subsistere, quia constet illud maius omnibus esse, cum id ego eo usque negem adhuc dubitemve constare, ut ne in intellectu quidem vel cogitatione mea eo saltem modo maius ipsum esse dicam, quo dubia etiam multa sunt et incerta? Prius enim certum mihi necesse est fiat re vera esse alicubi maius ipsum, et tum demum ex eo quod maius est omnibus, in seipso quoque subsistere non erit ambiguum.
[6.] Exempli gratia: Aiunt quidam alicubi oceani esse insulam, quam ex difficultate vel potius impossibilitate inveniendi quod non est, cognominant aliqui ‘perditam’, quamque fabulantur multo amplius quam de fortunatis insulis fertur, divitiarum deliciarumque omnium inaestimabili ubertate pollere, nulloque possessore aut habitatore universis aliis quas incolunt homines terris possidendorum redundantia usquequaque praestare. Hoc ita esse dicat mihi quispiam, et ego facile dictum in quo nihil est difficultatis intelligam. At si tunc velut consequenter adiungat ac dicat: non potes ultra dubitare insulam illam terris omnibus praestantiorem vere esse alicubi in re, quam et in intellectu tuo non ambigis esse; et quia praestantius est, non in intellectu solo sed etiam esse in re; ideo sic eam necesse est esse, quia nisi fuerit, quaecumque alia in re est terra, praestantior illa erit, ac sic ipsa iam a te praestantior intellecta praestantior non erit;—si inquam per haec ille mihi velit astruere de insula illa quod vere sit ambigendum ultra non esse: aut iocari illum credam, aut nescio quem stultiorem debeam reputare, utrum me si ei concedam, an illum si se putet aliqua certitudine insulae illius essentiam astruxisse, nisi prius ipsam praestantiam eius solummodo sicut rem vere atque indubie existentem nec ullatenus sicut falsum aut incertum aliquid in intellectu meo esse docuerit.
[7.] Haec interim ad obiecta insipiens ille responderit. Cui cum deinceps asseritur tale esse maius illud, ut nec sola cogitatione valeat non esse, et hoc rursus non aliunde probatur, quam eo ipso quod aliter non erit omnibus maius: idem ipsum possit referre responsum et dicere: Quando enim ego rei veritate esse tale aliquid, hoc est ‘maius omnibus’, dixi, ut ex hoc mihi debeat probari in tantum etiam re ipsa id esse, ut nec possit cogitari non esse? Quapropter certissimo primitus aliquo probandum est argumento aliquam superiorem, hoc est maiorem ac meliorem omnium quae sunt esse naturam, ut ex hoc alia iam possimus omnia comprobare, quibus necesse est illud quod maius ac melius est omnibus non carere. Cum autem dicitur quod summa res ista non esse nequeat cogitari: melius fortasse diceretur, quod non esse aut etiam posse non esse non possit intelligi. Nam secundum proprietatem verbi istius falsa nequeunt intelligi, quae possunt utique eo modo cogitari, quo deum non esse insipiens cogitavit. Et me quoque esse certissime scio, sed et posse non esse nihilominus scio. Summum vero illud quod est, scilicet deus, et esse et non esse non posse indubitanter intelligo. Cogitare autem me non esse quamdiu esse certissime scio, nescio utrum possim. Sed si possum: cur non et quidquid aliud eadem certitudine scio? Si autem non possum: non erit iam istud proprium deo.
[8.] Cetera libelli illius tam veraciter et tam praeclare sunt magnificeque disserta, tanta denique referta utilitate et pii ac sancti affectus intimo quodam odore fragrantia, ut nullo modo propter illa quae in initiis recte quidem sensa, sed minus firmiter argumentata sunt, ista sint contemnenda; sed illa potius argumentanda robustius, ac sic omnia cum ingenti veneratione et laude suscipienda.
A REPLY TO THE FOREGOING BY A CERTAIN WRITER ON BEHALF OF THE FOOL
[By GAUNILO]
[1.] To one doubting whether there is, or denying that there is, something of such a nature than which nothing greater can be thought, it is said here [in the Proslogion] that its existence is proved, first because the very one who denies or doubts it already has it in his mind, since when he hears it spoken of he understands what is said; and further, because what he understands is necessarily such that it exists not only in the mind but also in reality. And this is proved by the fact that it is greater to exist both in the mind and in reality than in the mind alone. For if this same being exists in the mind alone, anything that existed also in reality would be greater than this being, and thus that which is greater than everything would be less than some thing and would not be greater than everything, which is obviously contradictory. Therefore, it is necessarily the case that that which is greater than everything, being already proved to exist in the mind, should exist not only in the mind but also in reality, since otherwise it would not be greater than everything.
[2.] But he [the Fool] can perhaps reply that this thing is said already to exist in the mind only in the sense that I understand what is said. For could I not say that all kinds of unreal things, not existing in themselves in any way at all, are equally in the mind since if anyone speaks about them I understand whatever he says? Unless perhaps it is manifest that this being is such that it can be entertained in the mind in a different way from unreal or doubtfully real things, so that I am not said to think of or have in thought what is heard, but to understand and have it in mind, in that I cannot really think of this being in any other way save by understanding it, that is to say, by grasping by certain knowledge that the thing itself actually exists. But if this is the case, first, there will be no difference between having an object in mind (taken as preceding in time), and understanding that the object actually exists (taken as following in time), as in the case of the picture which exists first in the mind of the painter and then in the completed work. And thus it would be scarcely conceivable that, when this object had been spoken of and heard, it could not be thought not to exist in the same way in which God can [be thought] not to exist. For if He cannot, why put forward this whole argument against anyone denying or doubting that there is something of this kind? Finally, that it is such a thing that, as soon as it is thought of, it cannot but be certainly perceived by the mind as indubitably existing, must be proved to me by some indisputable argument and not by that proposed, namely, that it must already be in my mind when I understand what I hear. For this is in my view like [arguing that] any things doubtfully real or even unreal are capable of existing if these things are mentioned by someone whose spoken words I might understand, and, even more, that [they exist] if, though deceived about them as often happens, I should believe them [to exist]—which argument I still do not believe!
[3.] Hence, the example of the painter having the picture he is about to make already in his mind cannot support this argument. For this picture, before it is actually made, is contained in the very art of the painter and such a thing in the art of any artist is nothing but a certain part of his very understanding, since as St. Augustine says [In Iohannem, tract. I, n. 16], ‘when the artisan is about actually to make a box he has it beforehand in his art. The box which is actually made is not a living thing, but the box which is in his art is a living thing since the soul of the artist, in which these things exist before their actual realization, is a living thing’. Now how are these things living in the living soul of the artist unless they are identical with the knowledge or understanding of the soul itself? But, apart from those things which are known to belong to the very nature of the mind itself, in the case of any truth perceived by the mind by being either heard or understood, then it cannot be doubted that this truth is one thing and that the understanding which grasps it is another. Therefore even if it were true that there was something than which nothing greater could be thought, this thing, heard and understood, would not, however, be the same as the not-yet-made picture is in the mind of the painter.
[4.] To this we may add something that has already been mentioned, namely, that upon hearing it spoken of I can so little think of or entertain in my mind this being (that which is greater than all those others that are able to be thought of, and which it is said can be none other than God Himself) in terms of an object known to me either by species or genus, as I can think of God Himself, who...

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