PART I
UNDERSTANDING THE PROJECT PLAN IN THE SIXTH EDITION OF THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE (PMBOKÂź)
THE PROJECT PLANâAND ITS EVOLUTION
Completing a project plan as described by the Project Management Institute is different today than it was 10 to 20 years ago. The processes associated with the development of a project plan have been updated over the years since the first PMBOK guide was published. Understanding how to develop a project plan today requires an understanding of the current PMBOK framework. This is a much easier task if the current guide is understood within the context of its evolution. In 2017, the Project Management Institute introduced the sixth edition of the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge or PMBOKÂź. When encountering this process framework for the first time, the 49 different processes, including five process groups in 10 knowledge areas, will likely seem difficult to wade through and apply at first. However, if the rationale behind the framework as well as how the framework has evolved over time is better understood, developing a project plan using the PMBOK will likely make more sense. This is made especially clear when the current PMBOK is compared to the fourth edition launched 10 years ago. Examining the PMBOKÂź from the fourth through sixth edition will aid in understanding what the framework does, and why it does what it does as well as its underlying intent.
WHAT IS IT?
What is the project management framework anyway? It is a process-oriented series of guidelines for project managers. One of the reasons that the PMBOK framework is process oriented is that the management of projects occurs outside the normal ebb and flow of ongoing operations. It therefore requires policies, procedures, and processes to govern it. The fact that projects are different than ongoing operations becomes obvious when examining the framework beginning at the top left-hand corner of the framework (Table 1) at the intersection of the âProject Integration Knowledge Areaâ and the âInitiating Process Group.â Integration implies âsumming upâ or tying things togetherâand this is exactly what is done when the project charter is created. The project charter authorizes the project using formal documentation that advises all project team members (as well as all who have an interest in the outcome of the project) of the authority granted to the project team to carry out its mission. In an ongoing operation, the head of the department may verbally assign work to individuals or teams without a documented charter. The department and hierarchy of leadership are already authorized to do their ongoing workâso only in the project context is such authorization truly necessary. The project team once assigned may draw people from different functional groups and interact with different departmentsâand the charter enables this. This one simple example helps explain the need for a project management framework that governs the sequence of events from starting a project, planning it, carrying it out, finishing it, as well as listing the subject areas project managers need to know within these processes. The framework is not only usefulâit is a necessity for planning and executing project work.
THE STARTING POINT FOR USING THE FRAMEWORK
The project charter example implicitly illustrates how to go about using the framework. Rather than thinking of it as â49 processes,â think in terms of the five process groups. Every project must be started, planned, carried out, followed-through, and finished. This commonsense series of steps for completing any type of work is captured in the five process groups that are labeled âInitiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling, and Closing.â The five process groups have not changed since the fourth edition of the PMBOK (Table 2). But, the processes that exist today in the sixth edition within each of the process groups have evolved considerably over 10 years. The process changes are found within the knowledge areas of the PMBOK. Knowledge areas are those specific skills, knowledge, or domain expertise that must be applied in the process groups to get the work of the project accomplished. While the process groups clarify the order of events or the steps in the process, the knowledge areas provide a content viewâor what needs to be done at each step. The flow of PMBOK processes remains very similar when comparing PMBOK 5 and 6 (the current and previous edition of the framework), but as the PMBOK has evolved more direction is provided in knowledge areas and, in some cases, additional knowledge areas are given to support project activities. This is a consequence of the evolution of the field of project management over time. To fully understand the framework that exists today, it helps to understand what came before. The examination of the sixth edition therefore begins with understanding what changed between versio...