From force field analysis to `zero defects?, from `brainstorming? to the Deming Wheel, this volume meets the need for a short, accessible reference to the 100 most frequently adopted methods for implementing total quality management.
Central to the book is a broad interpretation of TQM - the methods addressed are relevant to all those interested in using explicit tools, qualitative and quantitative, to assist problem-solving, analysis and evaluation in the management process. After an introduction briefly outlining the basic principles of TQM, the bulk of the book then provides clear, concise outlines of the 100 methods. It describes their purpose, application - `how to use? - and benefits, with examples. A classification of the methods is also provided, utilizing the broad schema?s of: management methods, idea generation, data collection and analysis.
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Yes, you can access 100 Methods for Total Quality Management by Gopal K Kanji,Mike Asher in PDF and/or ePUB format, as well as other popular books in Business & Management. We have over one million books available in our catalogue for you to explore.
To display discrete data collected by checksheets so that patterns can be discovered.
When to use
In the early stages of problem-solving when a team is trying to find out what is happening.
How to use
The number of times an event occurs is shown on the vertical axis. The value at which it occurs is shown on the horizontal axis. Figure 1 shows a bar chart of the reasons for in-test failure of a printed circuit board. Bar charts are sometimes used in conjunction with Pareto analysis (Method 20).
Benefits
Bar charts give a simple pictorial representation of data.
Example
The following data were used to produce the bar chart in Figure 1:
The bar chart shows clearly which reasons for failure need to be addressed to have any impact on the problem.
Figure 1 Bar chart of printed circuit board
Reference
H. Kume (1985) Statistical Methods for Quality Improvement. Tokyo: AOTS.
Method 69 Basic statistics
Purpose
The mean, median, mode, range and standard deviation are ways of summarizing and describing large volumes of data. The first three are measures of location; the last two are measures of spread.
When to use
When looking for patterns in data or when trying to compare large volumes of data, these parameters give statistically based measures that aid decision-taking.
How to use
The mean
The mean is the simple arithmetic average of all the data points. To calculate the mean, add together all the points and divide by the number of points in the sum.
The mean is usually written
(pronounced X bar). The formula is
where there are n points called x1 to xn.
As an example, the following list gives the voltage derived from a circuit having variability due to poor tolerance control:
There are 37 points in total.
The sum ΣX is 1.1 + 1.2 + . . . + 2.3 = 63.3.
The mean voltage
= 63.3/37 = 1.71.
The median
The median is the 50 per cent point, the point above which and below which half of the points lie. There is no formula for calculating the median. As an example, the above data are laid out in the form of a tally chart as follows:
The median will be the 19th point, somewhere between 1.7 and 1.8. It could be described as 1.7+ volts.
The mode
This is simply the most frequently occurring point. For example, in the data above, it is 1.9 volts. When the data are symmetrical about the mean, the mean, median and mode have the same value.
The range
The range is a measure of the overall spread of a set of values. It is defined as the arithmetic difference between the largest and smallest value. In the above example, the largest value is 2.3 and the smallest value is 1.1 so the range is 2.3 − 1.1 = 1.2 volts.
The standard deviation
The standard deviation is otherwise known as the root mean square deviation of all values from the mean. It is calculated by taking the difference of each value away from the mean, squaring it, and adding it to all the other squared deviations. The total is then divided by the number of values involved minus 1. The square root is then taken. This is written:
