North Korea and the World

Human Rights, Arms Control, and Strategies for Negotiation

Walter C. ClemensJr., Walter C. Clemens Jr.

• Publisher: The University Press of Kentucky
• Year: 2016
• Print ISBN: 9780813167466
• eBook ISBN: 9780813167633
• Topic: Politics & International Relations
• Subtopic: Arms Control
• Index: Politics & International Relations

Notes

PROLOGUE

1. Quoted in David Drake, Sartre (London: Haus, 2005), 88.

2. The Americans later granted Lt. Gen. Ishii Shiro and his subordinates in Japanese biological warfare units immunity from prosecution for war crimes in exchange for the technical information they had gathered. See Sheila Miyoshi Jager, Brothers at War: The Unending Conflict in Korea (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013), 242–257.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid., 257.

5. Frank McCourt, interviewed by Terry Gross in 1996, replayed on WBUR, National Public Radio, July 20, 2009.

6. Charles Marsh, Strange Glory: A Life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014).

7. On the Lacy-Zarubin agreement of January 1958 and its long-term consequences see Yale Richmond, Cultural Exchange and the Cold War: Raising the Iron Curtain (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003).

8. “Origins of the Soviet Campaign for Disarmament: The Soviet Position on Peace, Security, and Revolution at the Genoa, Moscow, and Lausanne Conferences, 1922–23” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1961).

9. Lincoln P. Bloomfield, Walter C. Clemens Jr., and Franklyn Griffiths, Khrushchev and the Arms Race: Soviet Interests in Arms Control and Disarmament, 1954–1964 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966).

10. Clemens, The Arms Race and Sino-Soviet Relations (Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1968).

11. Osgood, An Alternative to War or Surrender (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1962).

12. Amitai Etzioni, The Hard Way to Peace: A New Strategy (New York: Collier, 1962); Vincent P. Rock, A Strategy for Interdependence: A Program for the Control of Conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union (New York: Scribner, 1964); Walter C. Clemens Jr., ed., Toward a Strategy of Peace, foreword by Robert F. Kennedy (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965); W. Averell Harriman, America and Russia in a Changing World: A Half Century of Personal Observations (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971).

13. Many lectures were based on Clemens, “Soviet Policy in the Third World in the 1970s: Five Alternative Futures,” in W. Raymond Duncan, ed., Soviet Policy in Developing Countries (Waltham, MA: Ginn-Blaisdell, 1970), 313–343. Also published in Korean in Non Dan (Seoul) 6, no. 4 (January–February 1971): 121–148.

14. “GRIT at Panmunjom: Conflict and Cooperation in Divided Korea,” Asian Survey 13, no. 6 (June 1973): 531–559, followed by Clemens, “The Impact of Détente on Chinese and Soviet Communism,” Journal of International Affairs 28, no. 2 (1974): 133–157.

15. Jun Zhan, Ending the Chinese Civil War: Power, Commerce, and Conciliation between Beijing and Taipei, foreword by Walter C. Clemens Jr. (New York: St. Martin’s, 1993).

16. Clemens, “How to Cope with North Korea and Nuclear Weapons: What Bush Could Have Learned from Lenin, Osgood, and Clinton,” Journal of East Asian Affairs 18, no. 2 (Fall–Winter 2004): 221–247; also Clemens, “Peace in Korea? Lessons from Cold War Détentes,” in Confrontation and Innovation on the Korean Peninsula (Washington, DC: Korea Economic Institute, 2003), 1–17.

1. WHY CARE ABOUT NORTH KOREA?

1. Princeton Seminars, February 13, 1954, quoted in Robert L. Beisner, Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 323. Acheson’s interest in Korea was long-standing. Yale anthropology professor Cornelius Osgood thanked Acheson (Yale 1912–1915) and Yale provost Edgar S. Furniss for their personal support in his researching and writing The Koreans and Their Culture (New York: Ronald Press, 1951). As acting secretary and later secretary of state, Acheson pressed Congress in the late 1940s to provide economic assistance to South Korea. Ironically, his omission of Korea from the U.S. defense perimeter in a January 1950 speech probably encouraged Stalin to approve the North’s invasion in June 1950. After leaving government in 1953, Acheson served on the Yale Board of Trustees, along with his frequent critic, Robert A. Taft.

2. Osgood, The Koreans and Their Culture, v.

3. World Summit Outcome Document, paragraph 138: “The international community, through the United Nations, also has the responsibility to use appropriate diplomatic, humanitarian and other peaceful means, in accordance with Chapters VI and VIII of the Charter, to help protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. In this context, we are prepared to take collective action, in a timely and decisive manner, through the Security Council, in accordance with the Charter, including Chapter VII, on a case-by-case basis and in cooperation with relevant regional organizations as appropriate, should peaceful means be inadequate and national authorities manifestly fail to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. We stress the need for the General Assembly to continue consideration of the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity and its implications, bearing in mind the principles of the Charter and international law. We also intend to commit ourselves, as necessary and appropriate, to helping States build capacity to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity and to assisting those which are under stress before crises and conflicts break out.” http://www.who.int/hiv/universalaccess2010/worldsummit.pdf, adopted by the UN General Assembly September 15, 2005 (accessed 2/24/2014) and endorsed by the UN Security Council Resolution 8710 on April 28, 2006. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8710.doc.htm (accessed 2/24/2014).

4. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/153139.pdf (accessed 2/10/2011). Under Secretary of State Sarah Sewall reiterated Washington’s commitment to the R2P in 2015, focusing on the need to prevent atrocities. See her statement at www.state.gov/j/remarks/247827.htm (accessed 11/2/2015). The first time the UN Security Council authorized coercive measures under the Responsibility to Protect was in Resolution 1970, adopted on February 26, 2011, which several NATO powers then cited to justify their military actions against the Gaddafi regime in Libya. http://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10187.doc.htm (accessed 4/10/2011).

5. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIDPRK/Pages/ReportoftheCommissionofInquiryDPRK.aspx (accessed 2/28/2014).

6. Human Rights Council, “Report of the Detailed Findings of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,” at http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIDPRK/Pages/ReportoftheCommissionofInquiryDPRK.aspx (accessed 2/19/2014).

7. Ibid.

8. Current Intelligence Staff Study, Sino-Soviet Competition in North Korea (ESAU XV-61), April 5, 1961, declassified May 2007, Summary page i.

9. Details in chapter 5 below.

10. Diligent searches in the National Archives and other depositories by Professor Terence Roehrig and other researchers have not found the original document. It may never have been signed by—or even shown to—DPRK representatives.

11. Gregory J. Moore, ed., North Korean Nuclear Operationality and Regional Security and Nonproliferation, foreword by Graham T. Allison (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014).

12. Gilbert Rozman, “The Geopolitics of the Korean Nuclear Crisis,” in Richard J. Ellings and Aaron L. Friedberg, eds., Strategic Asia, 2003–04 (Seattle, WA: National Bureau of Asian Research, 2003), 252.

13. Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1981). For the pros...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Half title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• List of Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Special Terms
• Map of the Korean Peninsula
• Prologue: From Vienna and Moscow to Panmunjom
• I. Roots of Twenty-First-Century Problems
• II. Policy Dilemmas
• III. Opportunities Aborted
• IV. Policy Options amid Uncertainty
• Acknowledgments
• Notes
• Index