Lee and His Generals in War and Memory

Gary W. Gallagher

• Publisher: LSU Press
• Year: 1998
• Print ISBN: 9780807129586
• eBook ISBN: 9780807152133
• Topic: History
• Subtopic: American Civil War History
• Index: History

In this collection, Civil War historian Gary W. Gallagher examines Robert E. Lee, his principal subordinates, the treatment they have received in the literature on Confederate military history, and the continuing influence of Lost Cause arguments in the late-twentieth-century United States. Historical images of Lee and his lieutenants were shaped to a remarkable degree by the reminiscences and other writings of ex-Confederates who formulated what became known as the Lost Cause interpretation of the conflict. Lost Cause advocates usually portrayed Lee as a perfect Christian warrior and Stonewall Jackson as his peerless "right arm" and often explained Lee's failings as the result of inept performances by other generals. Many historians throughout the twentieth century have approached Lee and other Confederate military figures within an analytical framework heavily influenced by the Lost Cause school.The twelve pieces in Lee and His Generals in War and Memory explore the effect of Lost Cause arguments on popular perceptions of Lee and his lieutenants. Part I offers four essays on Lee, followed in Part II by five essays that scrutinize several of Lee's most famous subordinates, including Stonewall Jackson, John Bankhead Magruder, James Longstreet, A.P. Hill, Richard S. Ewell, and Jubal Early. Taken together, these pieces not only consider how Lost Cause writings enhanced or diminished Confederate military reputations but also illuminate the various ways post--Civil War writers have interpreted the actions and impacts of these commanders.Part III contains two articles that shift the focus to the writings of Jubal Early and LaSalle Corbell Pickett, both of whom succeeded in advancing the notion of gallant Lost Cause warriors. The final two essays, which contemplate the current debate over the Civil War's meaning for modern Americans, focus on Ken Burns's documentary The Civil War and on the issue of battlefield preservation. Gallagher adeptly highlights the chasm that often separates academic and popular perceptions of the Civil War and discusses some of the ways in which the Lost Cause continues to resonate. Lee and His Generals in War and Memory will certainly attract those interested in Lee and his campaigns, the Army of Northern Virginia, the establishment of popular images of the Confederate military, and the manner in which historical memory is created and perpetuated.

Index

Acton, Lord, 104

Adams, Richard, 218

Alabama, 246

Alcott, Louisa May, 282

Alexander, Bevin, 102, 112

Alexander, Edward P., 9, 35, 37, 41, 42, 60, 61, 70–72, 74, 79, 87, 88, 90, 111, 161, 167, 235, 237, 241

Alexandria, Va., 29, 122

Allan, William, 55, 61, 67, 83, 93, 154, 165, 175, 181

Allegheny Mountains, 107, 188

Amelia Court House, 234

American Historical Association, 274, 276

American Revolution, 4, 25, 249, 268

Anderson, Richard H., 65, 84, 96, 98, 152, 169–71, 173, 174, 183

Anderson, William “Bloody Bill,” 255

Annals of War, 235

Antietam, battle of, 24, 33–43, 80, 82, 89, 108, 240, 254, 261, 278–80, 282, 283. See also Maryland campaign, 1862

Antietam Creek, 37

Antioch Church, 152

Appalachians, 210, 251

Appomattox, 50, 158, 199, 200–202, 204, 222, 228, 233, 234, 249, 276

Archer, James J., 172

Arkansas, 259

Arlington, Va., 212

Armistead, Lewis A., 132, 133, 228, 239, 256

Army of Mississippi, 255

Army of Northern Virginia, xi, 3, 4, 5, 9, 15, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30, 33, 35, 38, 42, 43, 45. 47, 50, 52, 68, 71–74. 77, 78. 80, 81, 87–89, 102, 105, 117, 118, 135, 138–40, 151, 157, 162, 167, 169, 172, 173, 181, 186, 187, 199, 202, 204, 205, 208, 211, 215–17, 222, 249, 251, 253, 261, 265, 276;

as a rallying point and symbol, 14, 20, 22, 108

casualties in, 15, 18, 35, 41, 48, 98, 133

numercial strength of, 29, 30, 33

supply problems in, 30, 32, 33, 34, 70, 78, 79, 98

Army of the Potomac, 10, 17, 28, 36, 43, 50, 63, 65, 71, 73, 79, 88, 114, 118, 124, 127, 131, 134, 158, 169, 170, 188–90, 192, 212, 249, 261

Army of the Shenandoah, 191, 193

Army of the Valley, 126, 191, 193

Army of Tennessee, 83, 253, 255, 260

Army of Virginia, 23, 28, 111, 183

Arts & Entertainment Network, 103

Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites, 273

Atlanta, Ga., 16, 17, 18, 254, 255, 260

Atlanta Southern Confederacy, 116

Augusta, Ga., 187

Badeau, Adam, 207

Baltimore, Md., 23, 26, 27, 69, 73, 120

Banks, Nathaniel P., 105, 107, 108, 188, 189, 192, 255, 261

Barksdale, William, 52

Barton, Clara, 279

Battle, Lewis, 13, 14

Battlefields, as teaching tools, 278–83

Lost Cause interpretation at, 273–78

preservation of, 264, 265, 268–83

Battle Flag, 218

Battle Cry of Freedom, 249

Beasley, David, 265, 266

Beauregard, P. G. T., 259

Bemiss, Samuel M., 6

Berdan, Hiram, 132, 133

Bermuda Hundred, Va., 234

Berryville, Va., 190

Big Bethel, Va., skirmish at, 121, 122

Black Horse Tavern, 61

Bloody Angle (at Spotsylvania), 271

Blue and Gray Magazine, 221, 246

Blue Ridge Mountains, 188

Bonham, Luke, 174

Boritt, Gabor, 105, 222

Boteler’s Ford, 41, 43

Bowers, John, 102

Bradford, Gamaliel, 143

Bragg, Braxton, 4, 22, 27, 80, 253, 254, 259

Brandy Station, Va., 265

Brent, Joseph L., 126, 130, 133

Bristoe Station, Va., 82

Brock Road, 91

Brown, George Campbell, 69, 91, 94, 176–78

Buell, Don C, 259

Buford, John, 170–72, 256

A Bullet for Stonewall, 218

Burns, Ken, xiii, 245–48, 250, 251, 253, 256–63, 274

Burnside, Ambrose E., 16, 40, 51

Burnside’s Bridge, 279

Butler, Benjamin F, 261

Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac, 50, 141

Canada, 202

Cannae, battle of, 36

Carlisle Road, 67

Caroline County, Va., 119

Carter, Hodding, 216

Casdorph, Paul D., 102, 214

Cashtown, Pa., 170, 171, 175

Catoctin Mountains, 189

Cedar Creek, battle of, 191, 193, 194

Cedar Mountain, battle of, 109, 111, 159

Cemetery Hill, 54, 65–68, 81, 112, 159, 162, 163, 165, 168, 173, 176–80, 229, 230, 235

Cemetery Ridge, 270, 276

Chamberlain, Joshua L., 219, 256, 269

Chamherlayne, John H., 39

Chambers, Lenoir, 1–3

Chambersburg, Pa., 72, 169, 170, 175, 190, 240

Chancellor House, 276

Chancellorsville, campaign of, 13, 14, 18, 57, 69, 73, 84, 101, 103, 108, 109, 111, 113, 159, 168, 183, 185, 214, 220, 262, 268, 276, 278

Chantilly, Va., 32

Charles City Road, 128

Chattanooga, battles around, 210, 253, 254

Chesnut, Mary, 8

Chickahominy River, 124, 126–28

Chickamauga, campaign of, 80, 84

Chilton, Robert H., 136

Churchill, Winston, 217, 218

Cincinnati (Grant’s horse), 220

The Civil War (documentary), xiii, 246–49, 253, 259, 261, 262

The Civil War: The Magazine of the Civil War Society, 103, 221

Civil War Journal (documentary) 103

Civil War Sites Advisory Commission, 274

Civil War Times Illustrated, 104, 221, 246

Clark’s Mountain, Va., 88

Cobb, Thomas R. R., 135

Coddington, Edwin B., 63, 64, 162, 166, 172, 230

Cold Harbor, battle of, 98

Columbia, S. C, 266

Columbus, Ohio, 246

Company “Aytch,” 262

Confederate Bureau of War, 43

Confederate flag, controversy surrounding, 265–66

Confederate monuments, controversy surrounding, 266–67

The Confederate Image: Prints of the Lost Cause, 105, 222

Confederate morale, scholarship on, 20

Confederate Veteran, 211, 227

Confederate War Department, 10

Confederates, 218

Connelly, Thomas L, xii, 15, 206, 213, 252, 257

Conolly, Thomas, 5

Conquering the Valley: Stonewall Jackson at Port Republic, 102

Conrad, Bryan, 63, 149, 150

Continental Army, 4

Cooper, Samuel, 74, 94, 136

Copperheads, 262

Corn well, Bernard, 218

The Court Martial of Robert E. Lee, 218

The Crater, 220

Crisis at the Crossroads, 162

Cromwell, Oliver, 184

Crook, George, 193

Cross Keys, battle of, 108, 110, 188, 194

Culp’s Hill, 69, 81, 112, 159, 162, 163, 165, 177, 178, 229, 256

Cumberland Valley, 72, 169

Curtin, Andrew G., 71, 72

Custer, George A., 193

Cyropaedia, 217

Dabney, Robert L., 103, 111

Daniel, Jonathan, 216

Darbytown Road, 129, 130

Davis, Jefferson, 9, 18, 25, 26, 29, 30, 33, 34, 38, 43, 45, 56, 78, 87, 105, 123, 126, 136, 151, 165, 168, 175, 260, 261, 268

Davis, Joseph, 172

Davis, Nicholas A., 38

Davis, William C, 103

Dawson, Francis, 91

Death of a Nation, 229

Democratic Party, 25, 27, 28, 45, 150, 261

Devil’s Den, 256

Dictionary of American Biography, 119, 151

Disney Corporation, 265, 273, 274

Dorn, Earl Van, 260

Douglas, Henry K., 112, 163, 166

Douglass, Frederick, 212

Dowdey, Clifford, 62, 90, 149, 165, 215, 229, 230

Dudley, Thomas, 24

Dunker Church, 279, 280

Early, Jubal A., xi, xii, xiii, 17, 20, 39, 66, 68, 69, 71, 84, 90–92, 94–97, 112, 113, 149, 157, 163, 165, 166, 173, 175–80, 182–87, 189, 191–95, 261

and the Myth of the Lost Cause, 51, 52, 57, 61, 62, 114, 141, 143, 145, 146, 148, 150, 158, 167, 199–213, 215, 216, 218–22, 224, 249, 269, 276, 282

Eastern theater, importance of, 22, 23

Eckenrode, Hamilton J., 63, 149, 150

Edmondston, Catherine A. D., 4, 9, 43, 104

Edwards, Leroy S., 47

Eggleston, George C, 144

Eisner, Michael, 273

Eldridge, E.J., 135, 136

Eleventh Corps, 109, 173, 176

Emancipation, as northern war aim, 24, 25, 28, 43–44, 46, 281

ignored during reconciliation, 282

Emancipation Proclamation, 24, 25, 28, 43–46, 240, 261, 280, 283

Emmitsburg Road, 54

Eternal Peace Light Memorial, 270

Evans, Clement A., 15

Evans, Nathan “Shanks,” 32

Ewell, Lizinka B., 94

Ewell, Richard S., xii, 32, 48, 52, 54, 58, 61, 62, 65–69, 83–85, 87, 88, 97, 107, 113, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165–69, 171–81, 188, 193

problems and removal from command, 81, 82, 89, 91–96

Fair Oaks, Va., 128

“Faithfully and Forever Your Soldier,” 231

Farwell, Byron, 102

Field, Charles W., 84, 97

Fields, Barbara, 281

Fifth Corps, Army of the Potomac, 95, 154

1st Artillery (U.S.), 119

First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, 3, 60, 66, 68, 80, 83, 84, 90, 91, 96, 98, 169

First Corps, Army of the Potomac, 172, 173, 176

Fisher’s Hill, battle of, 191, 192, 194

Five Forks, battle of, 234

Foote, Shelby, 255, 257–59

For the Love of Robert E. Lee, 218

Forrest, Nathan B., 259, 260

Forrest Gump, 215

Fort, J. Franklin, 271

Fort Donelson, Tenn., 10, 17, 110, 253

Fort Henry, Tenn., 10, 110, 253

Fort Leavenworth, Va., 119

Fort Monroe, Va., 11

Fort Pillow, battle of, 260

Fort Sumter, S. C, 250

Foster, Gaines M., 201, 206

Four Years with General Lee, 52, 148

France, 25

and 1862 Maryland campaign, 23, 24, 44, 280

Franklin, William B., 42

Frayser’s Farm. See Glendale

Frederick, Md., 30, 190

Fredericksburg, Va., 7, 11, 16, 40, 51, 57, 67, 105, 108, 109, 185, 188, 189, 234, 251, 254, 255, 261, 276

Fredericksburg, second battle of, 114

Freeman, Douglas S., 42, 58, 61, 62, 66, 85, 87, 95, 119, 129, 130, 132, 136, 144, 149, 151, 162, 165, 180, 192, 212, 213, 215–17, 228, 229

Fremantle, Arthur J. L., 8, 15, 48, 56, 67, 74, 116, 171, 173, 217, 262

Fremont, John C, 107, 108, 110, 188, 189, 192, 259, 261

From Cedar Mountain to Antietam, 149

From Manassas to Appomattox, 157

Front Royal, Va., 43, 107, 110, 188, 194

Frye, Dennis E., 273

Fuller, J. F. C, 15, 63, 217

Furgurson, Ernest B., 214

Gaines’s Mill, battle of, 111, 127

Gainesville, Va., 152

Gallon, Dale, 103

Garnett, Richard, 228

General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia,

1861–1865, p. 148

Georgia, 265

Georgia units: 16th Infantry Regiment, 14, 135

22nd Infantry Regiment, 13

Gettysburg Address, 281

Gettysburg campaign, xii, 13, 14, 18, 35, 47–76, 79, 80–82, 91, 101, 111–13, 141, 145, 149–51, 158–81, 207, 215, 218–20, 227–30, 233, 235–37, 239–41, 253, 255–57, 262, 268, 269

Gettysburg, ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Maps
• Preface
• Credits for the Essays
• I. Lee
• II. Lee’s Generals
• III. Fighting for Historical Memory
• IV. Distant Reverberations
• Index