What is Feminism?
Any attempt to address this question invariably faces numerous challenges. Where to start, who to include, what to leave out and when to stop are all important considerations. This book provides an overview of the development of feminist activism in the Anglo-speaking world. It specifically outlines feminist thought in Britain, the Commonwealth and the US, and it refers to international contexts where relevant.
The book acknowledges and intends to celebrate the variety of feminist perspectives which have developed throughout womenâs history, taking as its premise bell hooksâ famous definition.
Feminism: A Graphic Guide traces some of the historical and social developments of this struggle.
Is Feminism Still Relevant?
From 1970â78 the UK-based Womenâs Liberation Movement conference had campaigned for:
- Equal pay
- Equal educational and job opportunities
- Free contraception and abortion on demand
- Free 24-hour nurseries
- Legal and financial independence for all women
- The right to self-defined sexuality and an end to discrimination against lesbians
- Freedom from intimidation by the threat or use of violence or sexual coercion; and an end to the laws, assumptions and institutions which perpetuate male dominance and aggression to women.
In the years since the WLM disbanded:
Feminism enables concerted collective efforts to address discriminatory practices that pervade our personal and professional lives. Feminism in the 21st century is no longer a marginal activity but a way of life that men and women subscribe to.
What is Patriarchy?
One starting point for thinking about feminist activity is coming to a consensus about what the term âpatriarchyâ means. A useful definition is provided by Chris Weedon.
Patriarchy is an ideology that is manifested in practice by the subordination of the interests of women to those of men, especially when it comes to biological reproduction, labour politics and legal rights.
The term âfeminismâ came into English usage around the 1890s, but womenâs conscious struggle to resist discrimination and sexist oppression goes much further back.
Biology is Destiny
As early as the 4th century BC, Aristotle (384â322 BC) declared that âwomen were women by virtue of a certain lack of qualitiesâ. His predecessor the Greek historian and army general Thucydides (c. 460â400 BC) had some advice for women.
Early thinking about the difference between women and men was based on essentialist ideas about gender which maintained that womenâs and menâs differences are a result of biology. The belief that biology is destiny suggests that, in comparable situations, men exhibit âmasculineâ psychological traits such as aggressiveness, rationality and assertiveness, whereas women will exhibit âfeminineâ traits such as gentleness, intuitiveness and sensitivity. These differences, it was believed, translated into particular patterns of thought, feeling and behaviour specific to each gender.
Logic or Emotion?
Essentialism sees men as able to think logically, abstractly and analytically, while women are mainly emotional, compassionate and nurturing creatures.
Essentialist thinking had repercussions on womenâs private and public lives. In private, essentialist ideas were translated into rules of conduct for the woman as wife, mother and daughter. In public, it was believed that womenâs participation should be limited and strictly controlled by a masculine representative of authority such as husband, father, the clergy, the law.
Essentialist ideas about women permeated Western thought for centuries and proposed that there is a natural, biologically determined essence of the feminine that is universal and unchangeable.
Feminists have long fought to dispel such myths about gender.
Early Modern Feminist Activity
Early Modern (1550â1700) English society was founded on the rule of the father.
Women had no formal rights and were not represented in the law. Even if some women were able to receive a higher ...