Network Routing

Fundamentals, Applications, and Emerging Technologies

Sudip Misra, Sumit Goswami

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN: 9780470750063
• eBook ISBN: 9781119029380
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Computer Networking
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Network Routing: Fundamentals, Applications and Emerging Technologies serves as single point of reference for both advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying network routing, covering both the fundamental and more moderately advanced concepts of routing in traditional data networks such as the Internet, and emerging routing concepts currently being researched and developed, such as cellular networks, wireless ad hoc networks, sensor networks, and low power networks.

Part I
Fundamental Concepts

1
Introduction to Network Routing

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• 1.1 Introduction to Networks
• 1.2 Network Architecture and Standards
• 1.3 Glimpse at the Network Layer
• 1.4 Addressing in TCP/IP Networks
• 1.5 Overview of Routing
• 1.6 Delivery, Forwarding, Routing, and Switching
• 1.7 Routing Taxonomy
• 1.8 Host Mobility and Routing
• References
• Abbreviations/Terminologies
• Questions
• Exercises

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1.1 Introduction to Networks

A computer network supports data communication between two or more devices over a transmission medium. The transmission medium can either be wired or wireless. The network is established and data is transmitted over it with the support of networking hardware and the software running on the hardware. Network hardware comprises equipment that generates the signal at the source, transmits the signal over the transmission medium, and receives and processes the signal at the destination. The software comprises protocols, standards, instructions, and algorithms that support transmission services over the network. The essentiality of networks has increased over time, along with advancement in network hardware, software, and support applications. There are huge variations in the size of a network in use; there can be small networks confined to an office or home, and at the same time there are networks spread across cities and countries. The spread of the network can be described in various terms, such as distance covered and the number of computers and other resources connected to the network. A local area network confined to a building may connect thousands of computers, such as in a software development center, a call center, or a stock exchange. Alternatively, a network spread across continents may connect only a handful of computers; for example, a network from a country to its base station in Antarctica may cover a few thousand miles but connect only a few computers.

The purpose of a network is to enable transmission of information between two or more networked nodes. The networked nodes can be computing devices, storages, networking devices, or network‐enabled peripherals. The computing devices can be desktop computers, laptops, or servers. Network‐enabled peripherals can be printers, FAX, or scanners, and the networking devices are switches, routers, or gateways. Any other network‐enabled device capable of sending or receiving data over the transmission medium can be a part of the network. A network system comprises a source, a destination, and the transmission system in‐between. The source prepares data for transmission over the transmission medium. The preparation involves transformation of data, striping it into smaller parts, encapsulation, encoding, modulation, and multiplexing for converting bit streams into electrical signals or electromagnetic or radio waves. The transmission medium comprises the network connecting different nodes. The transmission medium can support unidirectional flow of data (simplex), bidirectional flow of data (duplex), or flow of data in either direction at one time (half‐duplex). It can also be wired or wireless, providing point‐to‐point connectivity, or it can work in a one‐to‐many broadcast mode. The transmission medium may directly connect the source to destination, or it may be through intermediate network nodes. Thus, a transmission medium can be in various forms, utilizing different technologies and encompassing a variety of architectures. The destination receives data from the transmission medium, demultiplexes, demodulates, and retrieves the original data after decoding, rearranging, and merging. The transmission medium is a complex system as it can be shared between various network devices and has to run identification, channel utilization, security, congestion control, and bandwidth assurance services on it.

In addition to the source, destination, and transmission medium, a network system also comprises a few services such as exchange management, error detection and correction, flow control, addressing and routing, recovery, message formatting, and network management [1]. Exchange management deals with the mutually agreed conventions for data format and transmission rules between the sender and the receiver. The network system is prone to errors due to signal distortion, introduction of noise in the data signal, and bit flips during transmission, which may lead to receiving incorrect data, data loss, and data alteration. These are handled by error detection and correction techniques. Recovery is the process through which a network system is able to resume its activity even after a failure. The recovery may be from the point of failure or from a restore point prior to the failure. Flow control helps in synchronizing the rate of transmission from the sender, its flow through the network, and the rate at which the data is received. Flow control ensures that the data is transmitted at a mutually agreed rate to take care of the difference in the processing speed or variation in the network bandwidth of the sender and the receiver. Addressing is used uniquely to identify a network resource, and routing helps in deciding the optimum path for the data to flow from the source to the destination throu...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Table of Contents
• About the Authors
• Foreword
• Preface
• About the Companion Website
• Part I: Fundamental Concepts
• Part II: Routing with Quality‐of‐Service and Traffic Engineering
• Part III: Routing on the Internet
• Part IV: Other Routing Contexts
• Part V: Advanced Concepts
• Index
• End User License Agreement