Smart Cities

Foundations, Principles, and Applications

Houbing Song, Ravi Srinivasan, Tamim Sookoor, Sabina Jeschke

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN: 9781119226390
• eBook ISBN: 9781119226437
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Provides the foundations and principles needed for addressing the various challenges of developing smart cities

Smart cities are emerging as a priority for research and development across the world. They open up significant opportunities in several areas, such as economic growth, health, wellness, energy efficiency, and transportation, to promote the sustainable development of cities. This book provides the basics of smart cities, and it examines the possible future trends of this technology. Smart Cities: Foundations, Principles, and Applications provides a systems science perspective in presenting the foundations and principles that span multiple disciplines for the development of smart cities.

Divided into three parts—foundations, principles, and applications— Smart Cities addresses the various challenges and opportunities of creating smart cities and all that they have to offer. It also covers smart city theory modeling and simulation, and examines case studies of existing smart cities from all around the world. In addition, the book:

• Addresses how to develop a smart city and how to present the state of the art and practice of them all over the world
• Focuses on the foundations and principles needed for advancing the science, engineering, and technology of smart cities—including system design, system verification, real-time control and adaptation, Internet of Things, and test beds
• Covers applications of smart cities as they relate to smart transportation/connected vehicle (CV) and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for improved mobility, safety, and environmental protection

Smart Cities: Foundations, Principles, and Applications is a welcome reference for the many researchers and professionals working on the development of smart cities and smart city-related industries.

Chapter 1
Cyber–Physical Systems in Smart Cities – Mastering Technological, Economic, and Social Challenges

Martina Fromhold-Eisebith

Department of Geography, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

Chapter Menu

Introduction

Setting the Scene: Demarcating the Smart City and Cyber–Physical Systems

Process Fields of CPS-Driven Smart City Development

Economic and Social Challenges of Implementing the CPS-Enhanced Smart City

Conclusions: Suggestions for Planning the CPS-Driven Smart City

Objectives

• • To broaden readers' understanding of the process fields of smart city development that can profit from enhanced information and communication technologies
• • To explore in which respects cyber–physical systems (CPSs) may help in improving the coordinated control, regulation, and monitoring of different smart city processes, supporting sustainability objectives
• • To introduce geographical perspectives into the debate on technology-driven smart city development, highlighting place-specific dynamics as well as upper-scale national and global influences on localized economic processes
• • To point out risks and caveats that influence the societal acceptance of technology-driven smart city development and need to be regarded in related policies.

1.1 Introduction

The “smart city” notion has become synonymous with visions of future urban development, which is marked by the widespread digitization of services [1–4]. A major objective of smart cities is to achieve triple sustainability in social, economic, and environmental issues [5]. Modern information and communication technologies (ICTs), the Internet, and the continuous expansion of data supply broaden the options for improving urban citizens' working and living conditions [6–8]. This chapter explores how cyber–physical systems (CPSs) in particular may enhance smart cities. In the field of manufacturing, CPS now represents innovative options for integrating ICT and networking systems into infrastructure, so as to more efficiently control and coordinate complex physical production processes and machine interactions [9, 10]. ICT devices that are embedded into products or components are able to monitor and direct physical processes in a self-regulating manner – directly communicating with each other via the Internet. CPS also has a vast potential beyond the industrial field. Within a smart city context, these systems could significantly augment urban services and supply infrastructure. Moreover, new CPS-driven manufacturing may emerge according to the trends of “urban production” [11].

Together with the requirements and potential implications of smart cities [1, 5], policy demands associated with this visionary goal are also eagerly explored [2, 12–15]. This chapter intends to broaden the conceptual and analytical views, as is required for effective policy making, by employing the perspectives of economic geography to CPS-supported smart city development. In principle, economic geographers focus on place-specific dynamics and systemic interactions between technology trends, economic challenges, social needs, and planning requirements [16]. Localized processes are seen as being embedded in wider, often global, economic, political, and societal settings [17, 18]. Accordingly, viable CPS technologies, along with socioeconomic and cultural settings at the regional level and other spatial scales (as discussed in [2]), are required if a smart city is to reach its full potential. In this context, the chapter explores the following key issues:

• • In which ways can CPS help create a technologically enhanced smart city within the context of working and living in a manner that responds to environmental, economic, and societal challenges?
• • Looking at the various fields in which CPS may support smart city development, how is the effective implementation of technologies influenced by economic conditions on a regional, national, and global scale and also by social attitudes?
• • How can city–regional planning approaches meet these factors in order to arrive at economically and socially acceptable, hence viable, smart city policies?

The chapter's structure reflects this agenda. After defining the system setting (Section 1.2), the author identifies various process fields of working and living in a smart city that can profit from CPS-related applications and impulses (Section 1.3). Then it is discussed how economic conditions influence effective CPS implementation in place-specific ways (Section 1.4). Additionally, social challenges of CPS-based smart city development that relate to aspects of acceptability, qualification, and adaptation are highlighted. The conclusions (Section 1.5) derive insights for policies, suggesting how economic and social well-being can be best promoted when implementing the CPS-enhanced smart city of tomorrow.

1.2 Setting the Scene: Demarcating the Smart City and Cyber–Physical Systems

The range of human activities that are affected by digitization increases every day, which amplifies the scope of ICT applications in urban development. Certain system limits need to be determined before we can concisely assess potential CPS applications in smart cities. This refers both to a proper understanding of the smart city notion and the CPS technology field. Only after the arena and its boundaries have been decided upon, it is possible to succinctly identify the relevant technology options.

A smart city can be defined in various ways (Albino et al. [1]: 6ff, compiled a list of over 20 different definitions). Despite differing perspectives held by public or private actors, there are common denominators [3–5, 8]. A smart city is first and foremost characterized by the strategic, systematic, and coordinated implementation of modern ICT applications in a range of urban functional fields (as elaborated below). This idea of a “digital city” involves both software and hardware components, such as sensors, meters, and other technical devices. Furthermore, the generation targeted and the use of inhabitants' knowledge, learning capacities, creativity, and human capital for innovations, in line with analytical and modeling skills, qualify smart cities as “intelligent cities” [19, 20]. The notion thus transcends a technological focus and explicitly bears an anthropocentric note: smart cities aim to comprehensively fulfill people's needs in terms of economic and social sustainability, happiness, and well-being [1, 5]. The connotation “green city” highlights the ecological objectives of reduced resource consumption, constrained pollution, and high process efficiencies [21]. Shared ideology and community governance strategies are important to stakeholders, especially regarding how the outcomes manifest themselves in public and politically promoted attitudes regarding improvements to the urban quality of life. We need to keep these manifold smart city qualities in mind when assessing the prospects of CPS implementation later on.

CPS technologies build on antecedent embedded systems, that is, computer-driven devices like medical, military, or scientific instruments, cars, and toys. Accordingly, CPSs use software and ICT networks in order to control, monitor, and coordinate complex physical processes, though this is mainly applicable to modern manufacturing [9, 10]. CPS can efficiently organize production within companies and also, through communication between components and machines, coordinate the value chain between different firms. Advancing from conventional computer-integrated manufacturing, CPS incorporates elements of self-awareness and self-regulation, wireless inter-machine adjustment, and complex data processing, thus integrating information from various stages and organizations within a production system. The Internet of Things forms a crucial CPS component, as objects can now carry digital information themselves and directly communicate with other objects, such as processing machines, via the Internet [22]. The expected results are a substantially modified division of labor in manufacturing and related services, consequently a transformed production landscape [23].

Existing literature discussing smart city qualities selectively refers to CPS components [7, 24, 25]. Big data sets, that is, large amounts of data on citizens' purchasing habits, mobility, and other behaviors, call for adequate information processing technologies and the expedient use of said technology [6, 8, 26]. Intelligent products or services like thinking machines, sensor-monitored smart homes, and self-regulating infrastructure are expected to significantly shape the face of smart cities [1–3, 27] and reach far beyond simple ICT applications. It seems that due to the more ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Table of Contents
• Editors Biographies
• List of Contributors
• Foreword
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1: Cyber–Physical Systems in Smart Cities – Mastering Technological, Economic, and Social Challenges
• Chapter 2: Big Data Analytics Processes and Platforms Facilitating Smart Cities
• Chapter 3: Multi-Scale Computing for a Sustainable Built Environment
• Chapter 4: Autonomous Radios and Open Spectrum in Smart Cities
• Chapter 5: Mobile Crowd-Sensing for Smart Cities
• Chapter 6: Wide-Area Monitoring and Control of Smart Energy Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
• Chapter 7: Smart Technologies and Vehicle-to-X (V2X) Infrastructures for Smart Mobility Cities
• Chapter 8: Smart Ecology of Cities: Integrating Development Impacts on Ecosystem Services for Land Parcels
• Chapter 9: Data-Driven Modeling, Control, and Tools for Smart Cities
• Chapter 10: Bringing Named Data Networks into Smart Cities
• Chapter 11: Human Context Sensing in Smart Cities
• Chapter 12: Smart Cities and the Symbiotic Relationship between Smart Governance and Citizen Engagement
• Chapter 13: Smart Economic Development
• Chapter 14: Managing the Cyber Security Life-Cycle of Smart Cities
• Chapter 15: Mobility as a Service
• Chapter 16: Clustering and Fuzzy Reasoning as Data Mining Methods for the Development of Retrofit Strategies for Building Stocks
• Chapter 17: A Framework to Achieve Large Scale Energy Savings for Building Stocks through Targeted Occupancy Interventions
• Chapter 18: Sustainability in Smart Cities: Balancing Social, Economic, Environmental, and Institutional Aspects of Urban Life
• Chapter 19: Toward Resilience of the Electric Grid
• Chapter 20: Smart Energy and Grid: Novel Approaches for the Efficient Generation, Storage, and Usage of Energy in the Smart Home and the Smart Grid Linkup
• Chapter 21: Building Cyber-Physical Systems – A Smart Building Use Case
• Chapter 22: Climate Resilience and the Design of Smart Buildings
• Chapter 23: Smart Audio Sensing-Based HVAC Monitoring
• Chapter 24: Smart Lighting
• Chapter 25: Large Scale Air-Quality Monitoring in Smart and Sustainable Cities
• Chapter 26: The Smart City Production System
• Chapter 27: Smart Health Monitoring Using Smart Systems
• Chapter 28: Significance of Automated Driving in Japan
• Chapter 29: Environmental-Assisted Vehicular Data in Smart Cities
• Index
• End User License Agreement