Materials

Introduction and Applications

Witold Brostow, Haley E. Hagg Lobland

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2016
• Print ISBN: 9780470523797
• eBook ISBN: 9781119281009
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technik & Maschinenbau
• Subtopic: Werkstoffwissenschaft

Presents a fully interdisciplinary approach with a stronger emphasis on polymers and composites than traditional materials books

Materials science and engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. Polymer materials are often mixed with inorganic materials to enhance their mechanical, electrical, thermal, and physical properties. Materials: Introduction and Applications addresses a gap in the existing textbooks on materials science.

This book focuses on three Units. The first, Foundations, includes basic materials topics from Intermolecular Forces and Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams to Crystalline and Non-Crystalline Structures. The second Units, Materials, goes into the details of many materials including Metals, Ceramics, Organic Raw Materials, Polymers, Composites, Biomaterials, and Liquid Crystals and Smart Materials. The third and final unit details Behavior and Properties including Rheological, Mechanical, Thermophysical, Color and Optical, Electrical and Dielectric, Magnetic, Surface Behavior and Tribology, Materials, Environment and Sustainability, and Testing of Materials.

Materials: Introduction and Applications features:

• Basic and advanced Materials concepts
• Interdisciplinary information that is otherwise scattered consolidated into one work
• Links to everyday life application like electronics, airplanes, and dental materials

Certain topics to be discussed in this textbook are more advanced. These will be presented in shaded gray boxes providing a two-level approach. Depending on whether you are a student of Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Engineering Technology, MSE, Chemistry, Physics, etc., you can decide for yourself whether a topic presented on a more advanced level is not important for you—or else essential for you given your professional profile

Witold Brostow is Regents Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of North Texas. He is President of the International Council on Materials Education and President of the Scientific Committee of the POLYCHAR World Forum on Advanced Material (42 member countries). He has three honorary doctorates and is a Member of the European Academy of Sciences, Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Mexico, Foreign Member of the National Academy of Engineering of Georgia in Tbilisi and Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in London. His publications have been cited more than 7200 times.

Haley Hagg Lobland is the Associate Director of LAPOM at the University of North Texas. She is a Member of the POLYCHAR Scientific Committeee. She has received awards for her research presented at conferences in: Buzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;  NIST, Frederick, Maryland;  Rouen, France;  and Lviv, Ukraine. She has lectured in a number of countries including Poland and Spain. Her publications include joint ones with colleagues in Egypt, Georgia, Germany, India, Israel, Mexico, Poland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

PART 1
FOUNDATIONS

1
INTRODUCTION

Hic mortui vivunt et muti loquuntur.

—Latin inscription on the Library building of the Lvivska Politechnika National University; it means: here the dead are alive and the mute speak.

1.1 HISTORY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (MSE)

Unlike many other branches of science and engineering—such as mathematics, chemistry, physics, or civil engineering and architecture—MSE has not been formally recognized for a very long period of time. Mathematics has been growing for some thousands of years. Contemporary chemistry is based on alchemy developed by Chinese, Indians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Arabs. Compared with these, MSE did not even exist in the middle of the 20th century. It was only in 1959 that von Hippel and Landshoff [1] started to talk about molecular engineering as a way to create materials to order. Some historians of science claim that this was the birth of MSE. Others claim just the opposite: MSE is thousands of years old! This is because one of the constituents of MSE is metallurgy—which indeed is several thousand years old. Likewise ceramics as pottery and stoneware have been used for millennia. Presently, MSE absorbs almost instantly new and useful elements, for instance, from solid state physics or physical chemistry, created in the 21st century. Thus, in MSE we have a blend of very old and brand new.

1.2 ROLE OF MSE IN SOCIETY

Materials surround us, comprising the clothes we wear, the tools we operate, the luxuries we enjoy, and the toys with which we entertain ourselves. Even food has now been recognized by the Materials Research Society (MRS) as a class of materials akin to commonly categorized metals, ceramics, and plastics [2]. Historians divide the history of humanity into ages: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age. Some historians have declared that we now live in the Plastics Age. The way people live and function is determined by how they utilize the available materials. From the Stone Age onwards, some people have been industrious with the materials available: maximizing their uses, inventing new uses, and sometimes discovering or developing new materials better than the old ones. Thus, moving from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age meant a dramatic improvement; people were able to furnish a desired shape more easily to bronze (alloys based on copper) objects. After—strictly speaking—the Bronze Age was over, people continued to make intricate objects from bronze. For instance, in the British Museum in London there is bronze statue of Nataraja, the lord of the dance, created ca. 1100 BC during the Chola Dynasty in Tamil Nadu, India.

In the same way, materials are constantly evolving, improving in processing and performance, finding their way into or even driving new applications. The adaptation of existing materials for new uses is driven mostly by economic factors: what manufacturers and consumers want or need. An early bicycle builder, for instance, wanted a material that was tough like iron but would dampen the shock of rocks and ruts in the road. Consequently, the process of creating fiber‐reinforced materials was invented and pneumatic tires were designed, greatly improving the bicyclist’s experience.

In the present as in all of history, materials are limiting. Imagine that suddenly everything made from polymeric materials disappeared. Cars would not be able to move because instead of every tire there would be a heap of carbon black dust (a tire consists of some 70% rubber which is a polymer and of 30% carbon black). Little girls would be crying because of disappearance of their plastic dolls. These are just two examples…

Alternatively, consider the future in light of the role of polymeric materials: civil engineers are accustomed to working with mineral concretes based on cement, but more and more polymer concretes and/or polymeric fiber composites are used instead [3]. Many car components that have long been made from metals are now being fabricated from polymers and/or composites (whose lower density than metals results in lower car weight, thus more miles per gallon or kilometers per liter). We now have all‐composite airplanes and are not completely reliant on the aluminum fuselage. The 787 Dreamliner first rolled out by Boeing in Summer 2007 is the first large commercial airplane with fuselage, windows, wing boxes, control surfaces, tail, and stabilizers all made from carbon‐fiber containing composites.

Above we said that MSE absorbs (steals?) elements of other disciplines such as physical chemistry or solid state physics, using them for its own purposes. However, this is not all one‐sided. To give just one example, synthetic organic chemists create new polymers because they know that MSE people will find applications for their polymerization products. Materials Science and Engineering thus also stimulates the growth of other discipline...

Table of contents

• COVER
• TITLE PAGE
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• FOREWORD
• PREFACE
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• PART 1: FOUNDATIONS
• PART 2: MATERIALS
• PART 3: BEHAVIOR AND PROPERTIES
• NUMERICAL VALUES OF IMPORTANT PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
• NAME INDEX
• SUBJECT INDEX
• END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT