Model Predictive Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems

Venkata Yaramasu,Bin Wu

• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press
• Year: 2016
• ISBN:
  9781119082965
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Scienze fisiche
• Subtopic: Energia

Model Predictive Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems addresses the predicative control strategy that has emerged as a promising digital control tool within the field of power electronics, variable-speed motor drives, and energy conversion systems.

The authors provide a comprehensive analysis on the model predictive control of power converters employed in a wide variety of variable-speed wind energy conversion systems (WECS). The contents of this book includes an overview of wind energy system configurations, power converters for variable-speed WECS, digital control techniques, MPC, modeling of power converters and wind generators for MPC design. Other topics include the mapping of continuous-time models to discrete-time models by various exact, approximate, and quasi-exact discretization methods, modeling and control of wind turbine grid-side two-level and multilevel voltage source converters. The authors also focus on the MPC of several power converter configurations for full variable-speed permanent magnet synchronous generator based WECS, squirrel-cage induction generator based WECS, and semi-variable-speed doubly fed induction generator based WECS. Furthermore, this book:

• Analyzes a wide variety of practical WECS, illustrating important concepts with case studies, simulations, and experimental results
• Provides a step-by-step design procedure for the development of predictive control schemes for various WECS configurations
• Describes continuous- and discrete-time modeling of wind generators and power converters, weighting factor selection, discretization methods, and extrapolation techniques
• Presents useful material for other power electronic applications such as variable-speed motor drives, power quality conditioners, electric vehicles, photovoltaic energy systems, distributed generation, and high-voltage direct current transmission.
• Explores S-Function Builder programming in MATLAB environment to implement various MPC strategies through the companion website

Reflecting the latest technologies in the field, Model Predictive Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems is a valuable reference for academic researchers, practicing engineers, and other professionals. It can also be used as a textbook for graduate-level and advanced undergraduate courses.

PART I

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PRELIMINARIES

CHAPTER 1
BASICS OF WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS (WECS)

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, tidal, and wave have emerged as a new paradigm to fulfill the energy needs of our civilization. In contrast to fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are clean, abundant, naturally replenished, available over wide geographical areas, and have less or no impact on the environment. Renewable energy sources are primarily used for electricity generation, heating, transportation fuels, and rural energy supply. Electricity production from renewable energy sources has come under growing attention in recent decades. Approximately 22% of global electricity consumption is compensated by all types of renewable energy sources. Driven by technological innovations, cost reduction, government incentive programs, and public demand for clean energy, wind energy is increasingly becoming mainstream, competing with not only other renewable energy sources but also with conventional fossil fuel-based power generation units [1]. At the end of 2014, global cumulative wind power capacity reached 370 gigawatts (GWs), which accounts for approximately 4% of the world’s net electricity production [2–4].

Wind energy has been harnessed by mankind for millennia to carry ships across oceans, pump water, and grind grain. The conversion of wind kinetic energy to electric energy started during the 1880s with an automated wind turbine (WT) equipped with a 12-kilowatt (kW) direct-current (DC) generator. To generate electricity from WTs more efficiently and reliably, many improvements have been made in the design of the mechanical and electrical apparatus of WTs. The WT expertise has reached an adequate maturity level by

Model Predictive Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems, First Edition. Venkata Yaramasu and Bin Wu. © 2017 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/yaramasu_wu_mpc_wecs the 1980s, leading to the commissioning of the first 50-kW utility-scale WTs. Over the past 35 years, the size of WTs has gradually increased and has currently reached a massive level of 10 megawatts (MWs). Due to the rapid integration of wind power into the electric grid, many concerns have emerged on the stable and secure operation of existing electric power systems. Grid code requirements have been updated and enforced in many countries on the grid connection of large-scale WTs and wind farms (WFs).

Power electronic converters have been used in commercial WTs since the beginning of grid-connected operation; this technology has significantly evolved over the years [1, 5]. Various combinations of wind generators and power converters have also been developed in commercial WTs to achieve fixed-speed, semi-variable-speed, and full-variable-speed operations. Fixed-speed WT (FSWT) technology, which uses a power converter for the startup function (soft-start), is considered obsolete. Variable-speed WTs (VSWTs) process the electric output power of a generator through a power converter and offer enhanced wind energy conversion efficiency, power quality, and compatibility with grid codes. To fulfill various technical, operational, and grid code requirements, several generator–converter configurations have been developed for commercial WTs.

In addition to the power converter equipment, control system development is important in the safe, successful, and efficient operation of VSWTs. The electrical control system is used to control wind generators and power converters such that maximum energy is extracted from the wind and feeds the energy to the utility grid with high power quality. Electrical control systems are commonly implemented by digital control platforms such as microcontroller (μC), digital signal processor (DSP), or field programmable gate array (FPGA). With the evolution of digital control expertise, the realization of advanced and high-performance control algorithms is now possible. The finite control-set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is a new breed of digital control technique for power converters and electri...