Halide Perovskites

Photovoltaics, Light Emitting Devices, and Beyond

Tze-Chien Sum, Nripan Mathews, Tze-Chien Sum, Nripan Mathews

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9783527341115
• eBook ISBN: 9783527800780
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technik & Maschinenbau
• Subtopic: Werkstoffwissenschaft

Real insight from leading experts in the field into the causes of the unique photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells, describing the fundamentals of perovskite materials and device architectures.
The authors cover materials research and development, device fabrication and engineering methodologies, as well as current knowledge extending beyond perovskite photovoltaics, such as the novel spin physics and multiferroic properties of this family of materials.
Aimed at a better and clearer understanding of the latest developments in the hybrid perovskite field, this is a must-have for material scientists, chemists, physicists and engineers entering or already working in this booming field.

Part I
Basic Properties and Early Works in Organic–Inorganic Perovskites

1.1
Structural, Optical, and Related Properties of Some Perovskites Based on Lead and Tin Halides: The Effects on Going from Bulk to Small Particles

George C. Papavassiliou¹, George A. Mousdis¹ and Ioannis Koutselas²

¹ Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vasileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece

² University of Patras, Department of Materials Science, Patras, 26504, Greece

1.1.1 Introduction

The preparation or/and investigation of perovskites, based on PbX _y and SnX _y (X = Cl, Br, I) units, was the subject of publications in a number of papers (see, for instance, [1–63]). The majority of these compounds consist either of a small cation (SC) group, such as K⁺, Cs⁺, and CH₃NH₃ ⁺, or of a big cation (BC) group, such as C₁₀H₂₁NH₃ ⁺, CH₃C₆H₄CH₂NH₃ ⁺, and C₁₀H₇CH₂NH₃ ⁺, or both of them (SC, BC). Several combinations of the PbX _y or/and SnX _y units give a large number of frameworks; when these are combined with the numerous possibilities of SC and BC compounds, a large number of final compounds can be synthesized. Some of them, having the general formula (SC) _n−1(BC)₂M _n X_3n+1, exhibit a variety of structural, optical, and other properties. They can be prepared from simple starting materials, for example, PbX₂, SnX₂, CH₃NH₂, C₁₀H₂₁NH₂, CH₃C₆H₄CH₂NH₂, and C₁₀H₇CH₂NH₂, according to the following reactions:

1.1.1

1.1.2

or generally,

1.1.3

where n = 1,2, …, ∞, the number of inorganic layers.

A number of observations (grinding effects, behavior of suspensions, etc.) showed that these reactions are reversible [30–41]. In this chapter, some important findings concerning the structural, optical, and related properties of semiconducting perovskites of the type (SC) _n−1(BC)₂M _n X_3n+1 n = 1, 2, …, ∞, when they are in the bulk (e.g. single‐crystal, polycrystalline pellets) and/or in the particulate forms, are briefly reviewed. In these materials, the organic part could be a saturated molecule (or a weakly conjugated molecule) or non‐saturated, while the inorganic part consists of an infinite number of interacting units in a three‐dimensional (3D) framework, or a finite number of interacting MX _y units in a 3D framework, or an infinite number of interacting MX _y units in a two‐dimensional (2D) framework, or in similar patterns for lower dimensional cases. In these materials, the organic moiety possesses the role of a barrier. In a second series of perovskites, the organic moiety consists of non‐saturated molecules.

1.1.2 Materials Based on Saturated Organic Moiety

1.1.2.1 Bulk Perovskites (SC)MX₃

These are the products of reaction (1.1.1) or that of reaction (1.1.3) with n = ∞. The crystals of (SC)MX₃ perovskites consist of an infinitive number of interacting MX _y units, which form a 3D framework [4, 9, 11]. The published papers [1–5] concerning the preparation as well as the structural, optical, and related properties of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ (and similar compounds) led the authors of Ref. [42] to use these compounds as the light sensitizer components of solar cells. Moreover, it has been found that the compounds of the type (SC)MX₃ exhibit a variety of properties. Crystals of compounds with MI₃ group are black, crystals with MBr₃ group are red, and crystals with MCl₃ group are yellowish [1, 2, 11, 40–52]. The stability in air is on the order of MI₃ < MBr₃ < MCl₃. Figure 1.1.1A shows a simplified picture of the structure of (SC)MX₃ (3D). The X–Pb–X distance is c. 6.4, 5.8, and 5.4 Å for X = I, Br, and Cl, respectively [11]. In the past years, a number of 3...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Dedication
• Part I: Basic Properties and Early Works in Organic–Inorganic Perovskites
• Part II: Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
• Part III: Perovskite Light Emitting Devices
• Part IV: Beyond Perovskite Photovoltaics
• Index
• End User License Agreement