Power System Wide-area Stability Analysis and Control

Jing Ma

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9781119304845
• eBook ISBN: 9781119304869
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
• Index: Technology & Engineering

An essential guide to the stability and control of power systems integrating large-scale renewable energy sources

The rapid development of smart grids and the integration of large scale renewable energy have added daunting new layers of complexity to the long-standing problem of power system stability control. This book offers a systematic stochastic analysis of these nonlinear problems and provides comprehensive countermeasures to improve power system performance and control with large-scale, hybrid power systems.

Power system stability analysis and control is by no means a new topic. But the integration of large scale renewable energy sources has added many new challenges which must be addressed, especially in the areas of time variance, time delay, and uncertainties. Robust, adaptive control strategies and countermeasures are the key to avoiding inadequate, excessive, or lost loads within hybrid power systems. Written by an internationally recognized innovator in the field this book describes the latest theory and methods for handling power system angle stability within power networks. Dr. Jing Ma analyzes and provides control strategies for large scale power systems and outlines state-of-the-art solutions to the entire range of challenges facing today's power systems engineers.

• Features nonlinear, stochastic analysis of power system stability and control
• Offers proven countermeasures to optimizing power system performance
• Focuses on nonlinear time-variance, long time-delays, high uncertainties and comprehensive countermeasures
• Emphasizes methods for analyzing and addressing time variance and delay when integrating large-scale renewable energy
• Includes rigorous algorithms and simulations for the design of analysis and control modeling

Power System Wide-area Stability Analysis and Control is must-reading for researchers studying power system stability analysis and control, engineers working on power system dynamics and stability, and graduate students in electrical engineering interested in the burgeoning field of smart, wide-area power systems.

1
Basic Theories of Power System Security Defense

1.1 Introduction

A power system is a large‐scale system with wide geographical distribution, large numbers of components, and fast dynamic response. Disturbance on one single component may quickly spread to the whole system. The most important task in power system design and operation is to analyze the transient and dynamic behaviors of the power system under different levels of disturbance and then determine the appropriate control strategies and corresponding measures.

Ever since the 1960s, large area blackouts have occurred from time to time, causing huge economic losses. The “8–14” blackout in the eastern North American power grid that occurred in 2003 has inspired a worldwide wave of research on the prevention of large power grid blackouts. The 2012 India blackout triggered the largest scale of blackout in human history. With the integration of large‐scale renewable energy sources, the power grid operating mode has become changeable. The integration of distributed generation and micronetworks and self‐healing control has caused the distribution network to be changeable, even in configuration. Besides, the application of power electronic devices introduces a large number of nonlinear controlled components to the grid, which causes power grid stable operation and control to be increasingly difficult. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the security defense of a large power grid.

Power system personnel in China have conducted a lot of research to ensure the safe and stable operation of the power system, and have put forward “three defense lines” in a power system to deal with serious faults. The first defense line ensures that the system has a certain degree of safety margin in normal operating condition, does not lose the power source and load, and maintains stable operation when nonserious faults occur. The second defense line ensures that system stability is not destroyed and faults do not expand when relatively serious faults occur. The third defense line ensures that the system does not collapse and that large‐area blackout does not occur in the case of extremely serious faults.

This chapter is an overview of the basic theories of power system security defense. First, the basic requirements on power system reliability and the definition and classification of power system stability in China and abroad are introduced. The different types of disturbances that a power system may encounter and their impacts on the system are introduced. In order to ensure the safe and stable operation of a power system, different kinds of protection and control measures should be taken concerning different types of disturbances, including prevention control, emergency control, splitting control, and restoration control.

1.2 Power System Reliability and Stability

1.2.1 Reliability of Power System

The basic function of a power system is to provide all users with a continuous power supply that is in accordance with relevant regulations in power quality (voltage and frequency). Power system reliability is a measure of the capability of the power system to provide users with the required quantity of power of acceptable quality standard continuously, including two aspects: system adequacy and security [1].

1.2.1.1 Adequacy

Adequacy (also known as static reliability) refers to the capability of a power system to provide users with the required quality and quantity of power when the power system is in steady‐state operation and, within the allowed ranges of system component rated capacity, bus voltage, and system frequency, to consider the planned outage and reasonable unplanned outage of system components to the user and provides all of the required electric power and the ability described in reference [1]. Detailed indexes to characterize adequacy are as follows:

1. LOLD (loss of load probability) refers to the probability that the system cannot meet load demand in a given time interval, that is,
   (1.1)

   
   where P_i is the probability of the system being at state i. S is the complete set of system states in which the system cannot meet load demand in the given time interval.
2. LOLE (loss of load expectation) refers to the expected number of hours or days when the system cannot meet load demand in a given time interval, that is,
   (1.2)

   
   where P_i is the probability of the system being at state i, S is the complete set of system states in which the system cannot meet load demand in the given time interval, and T is the number of hours or days in the given time interval.
3. LOLF (loss of load frequency) refers to the number of times when the system cannot meet load demand in a given time interval, that is,
   (1.3)

   
   where F_i is the probability of the system being at state i and S is the complete set of system states in which the system cannot meet load demand in the given time interval.
4. LOLD (loss of load duration) refers to the average time duration when the system cannot meet load demand in a given time interval, that is,
   (1.4)

   
   where LOLE is loss of load expectation and LOLF is loss of load frequency.
5. EDNS (expected demand not supplied) refers to the expected reduction of load demand power due to generation capacity shortage or power grid constraints in a given time interval, that is,
   (1.5)

   
   where P_i is the probability of the system being at state i, C_i is the reduced load power at state i, and S is the complete set of system states in which the system cannot meet load demand in the given time interval.
6. EENS (expected energy not supplied) refers to the expected reduction of load demand energy due to generation capacity shortage or power grid constraints in a given time interval, that is,
   (1.6)

   
   where P_i is the probability of the system being at state i, F_i is the probability of the system being at state i, D_i is the time duration (in days) at state i, C_i is the reduced load power at state i, S is the complete set of system states in which the system cannot meet load demand in the given time interval, and T is the number of hours in the given time interval.

1.2.1.2 Security

Security (also known as dynamic reliability) refers to the capability of a power system to endure emergent di...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• About the Author
• Preface
• 1 Basic Theories of Power System Security Defense
• 2 Power System Analysis and Control Theory
• 3 Wide‐Area Information Monitoring
• 4 Stability Analysis of Stochastic System
• 5 Stability Analysis of Time‐Delay System
• 6 Wide‐area Robust Control
• 7 Wide‐Area Adaptive Control
• Index
• End User License Agreement