Biomedical Nanomaterials

Yuliang Zhao, Youqing Shen

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2016
• Print ISBN: 9783527337989
• eBook ISBN: 9783527694419
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Biotechnology
• Index: Biological Sciences

The book discusses in a detailed manner various nanomaterials used for biomedical applications, including clinical applications, diagnosis and tissue engineering. After the presentation of an overview of biomedical nanomaterials, including their classification and applications, the first part of the book is devoted to biomedical nanomaterials for therapy applications. For example, polymer micelles, dendrimers, polymer-drug conjugates as well as antibody-drug conjugates are discussed with respect to their cancer drug delivery properties. The next parts discuss biomedical nanomaterials that are used for imaging, diagnosis and sensors, as well as for tissue engineering. In the final section, the safety of biomedical nanomaterials is elaborated.

Chapter 1
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of Bionanomaterials

Ergang Liu, Meng Zhang and Yongzhuo Huang

1.1 Introduction

Nanomaterials (NMs) refer to synthetic or naturally occurring substances with size ranging from 1 to 1000 nm. The concept of “nanomaterial” was proposed by Feynman 50 years ago in the field of physics [1], which has since unveiled an era of nanotechnology. NMs contain merely tens to thousands of atoms, and are characterized by the surface and quantum size effects that are distinct from the bulk matters, and have thus gained wide applications in various areas [2]. For example, in medical application, nanotechnology has attracted specific attention in cancer therapy and diagnosis, largely due to the proposal of enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect by Maeda and coworkers; they demonstrated that nanosized macromolecules displayed a preferential retention in tumor site due to the leaky vasculatures [3, 4]. The EPR effect-associated nanomedicine composed of various natural or synthetic entities in the nanoscale, which have been developed to deliver drugs/imaging agents to the tumors based on the passive targeting effect [5]. Later, in order to further increase the transport efficiency, antibodies or targeting ligands with high binding affinity to tumor-overexpressed surface antigens or receptors have been applied to conjugate onto the surface of NMs to achieve the so-called active targeting [6].

NMs can also be applied in formulation development because of their capability to improve solubility [7], drug permeation [8], and drug stability [9]. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology may thus help improve druggability of those active molecules that are otherwise considered to be unsuitable for formulation development for clinical use due to unfavorable properties such as poor solubility and low permeation to the lipid bilayer membranes [10].

The emerging nanomedicine has greatly promoted drug development, and a good number of NM-based medicine or diagnostic agents have entered clinical trials, most in the field of cancer therapy, in which the NM-based delivery strategies are characterized by EPR effect for achieving tumor targeting. However, in spite of the enhanced permeability of the tumor vasculature, not all types of NMs could benefit from EPR effect to achieve a substantial targeting efficiency [11]. The in vivo ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) behaviors of NMs vary because of the difference of the surface properties, size, and charges of the NMs, as well as their compositions, often leading to inconsistent therapeutic outcomes in animal studies [12].

On this account, investigation of “what the body does to NMs” may help us with a better understanding of the in vivo fate. We herein present a brief introduction of the commonly utilized NMs in pharmaceutical research, the anatomic features of the body and tumor, and the physiochemical natures of NMs that affect the in vivo fate. The established PK/PD models for simulating the in vivo ADME behavior of NMs will also be introduced. We hope this summary would give a glimpse into the complicated in vivo processes and provide helpful information for the rational design of NM-based drug delivery systems.

1.2 Commonly Utilized NMs in Pharmaceutical Research

NMs can be categorized into different groups based on certain classification. To make it simple, we use the natural/synthetic classification in this chapter because the natural/synthetic NMs are generally disposed by the body in different ways. Moreover, inorganic NMs characterized by the hard-core str...

Table of contents

• Title Page
• Copyright
• Table of Contents
• List of Contributors
• Chapter 1: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of Bionanomaterials
• Chapter 2: Targeted Dendrimers for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
• Chapter 3: Polymeric Micelles for Drug Delivery
• Chapter 4: Polymeric Micelle-Based Nanomedicine
• Chapter 5: Microfluidics Applications in Cancer Drug Delivery
• Chapter 6: Antibody–Drug Conjugates
• Chapter 7: Nano-Photosensitizer for Imaging-Guided Tumor Phototherapy
• Chapter 8: Quantum Dots for Cancer Diagnosis
• Chapter 9: Luminescent Gold Nanoclusters for Biomedical Diagnosis
• Chapter 10: Nanographene in Biomedical Applications
• Chapter 11: Molecular Imprinting Technique for Biomimetic Sensing and Diagnostics
• Chapter 12: Magnetic Nanostructures for MRI-Based Cancer Detection
• Chapter 13: Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Bioapplications and Potential Toxicity
• Chapter 14: Nanostructured Hydrogels for Diabetic Management
• Chapter 15: Inorganic Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering
• Chapter 16: Nanotechnology in Coronary Artery Stent Coating
• Index
• End User License Agreement