Quick Reference to Dental Implant Surgery

Mohamed A. Maksoud

• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
• Year: 2017
• eBook ISBN: 9781119290162
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Dentistry

Quick Reference to Dental Implant Surgery offers busy practitioners quick access to all the essential information needed for successful dental implant surgery—from case selection to radiographic examination, scrub-in to post-operative care.

• How-to information in a concise, spiral-bound, quick-access format
• Concrete guidelines for common scenarios before, during, and after surgery
• Numerous charts, tables, checklists, and callouts
• An abundance of stunning, full-color photographs illustrating key points covered
• Text boxes containing clinical recommendations to help facilitate quick navigation/li>

1
Case Selection and Diagnosis

Part A: Medical Consideration in Implant Dentistry

1 Commonly Ordered Blood Tests in Implant Dentistry¹

Blood test	Normal	Clinical significance
Hematocrit (Hct)	Female: 36–46% Male: 42–52%	Low values: Anemia; monitor for fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
Hemoglobin (Hgb)	Female: 12–15 g/dl Male: 14–17 g/dl	Low values: Anemia; monitor for fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
Red blood cell (RBC) count	Female: 4–5.5 million/mm^3 Male: 4.5–6.2 million/mm^3	Low values: Anemia; monitor for fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, and tachypnea. High values: In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), this may indicate polycythemia, a compensation for pulmonary dysfunction that makes blood thicker, increases risk of cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
Total white blood cell (WBC) count	5000–10,000/mm^3	>10,000 indicates systemic infection (more than just local colonization).
Platelets and thrombocytes	200,000–500,000/mm^3	30,000–50,000: Risk of internal hemorrhage.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)	Female: 1–25 mm/h Male: 0–17 mm/h	Bad if elevated. Used to diagnose, or follow the course of, inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatic conditions).
Creatinine	Female: 0.6–1.2 mg/dl Male: 0.5–1.1 mg/dl	Renal function measure: High values are bad. May indicate nephropathy, or end-stage renal disease.
Potassium (K)	3.5–5.0 mEq/l	Results of low K: Ventricular arrhythmias. Results of high K: Ventricular arrhythmias and asystole.
Calcium (Ca)	8.2–10.2 mg/dl	Results of low Ca: Osteoporosis, muscle spasms or tetany, calcium deposits in tissue, cardiac arrhythmia, and asystole. Results of high Ca: thirst, polyuria, renal stones, decreased muscle tone, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, and asystole.
Sodium (Na)	136–145 mEq/l	Results of low Na: postural hypotension, abdominal cramps, headache, fatigue, and weakness. Results of high Na: edema and tachycardia.
Fasting blood glucose (FBG)	70 to 99 mg/dL	100 to 125 mg/dL: Impaired fasting glucose (pre-diabetes). >126 mg/dL: Diabetes.
Serum c-telopeptide collagen	Adult male 18–29 Years 87–1200 pg/mL 30–39 Years 70–780 pg/mL 40–49 Years 60–700 pg/mL 50–68 Years 87–345 pg/mL Adult female 18–29 Years 60–640 pg/mL 30–39 Years 60–650 pg/mL 40–49 Years 40–465 pg/mL	High in osteoporosis, osteopenia, and primary hyperthyroidism.
Alkaline phosphates	30–120 IU/L	High values: liver disease, osteoclastic activity, Paget's disease, bone cancer, and osteoporosis.
Prothrombin time (PT)	1–18 sec	Measures extrinsic clotting of blood. Prolonged in liver disease, impaired vitamin K production, and surgical trauma with blood loss.
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)	By laboratory control	Measures intrinsic clotting of blood and congenital clotting disorders. Prolonged in hemophilia A, B, and C.
International Normalized Ratio (INR)	Without anticoagulant therapy: 1 Anticoagulant therapy target range: 2–3	Measures extrinsic clotting function. Increased with anticoagulant therapy.
Bleeding time (BT)	1–6 min	Measures quality of platelets. Prolonged in thrombocytopenia.

A Recommendations

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1. Low platelet count and abnormal clotting tests in addition to abnormal BT, PT, PTT, or INR value is a contraindication in implant surgery, especially in a sinus grafting procedure, due to the possibility of uncontrolled bleeding.
2. Abnormal c-telopeptide values related to the use of oral or systemic bisphosphonates should be considered prior to implant surgery.
3. Consult with a physician in writing regarding any abnormal values, and attach a copy of the blood test results.

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2 ASA Classifications

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• ASA Physical Status 1: A normal healthy patient.
• ASA Physical Status 2: A patient with mild systemic disease.
• ASA Physical Status 3: A patient with severe systemic disease.
• ASA Physical Status 4: A patient with severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life.
• ASA Physical Status 5: A moribund patient who is not expected to survive without the operation.
• ASA Physical Status 6: A declared brain-dead patient whose organs are being removed for donor purposes.

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A Recommendations

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• ASA Status 1 and 2 can be treated in a dental office.
• ASA Sta...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• About the Author
• Preface and Introduction
• 1: Case Selection and Diagnosis
• 2: Surgical Principles and Protocols
• 3: Surgical Treatment
• 4: Corrective Implant Surgery
• 5: Errors and Complications
• 6: Communication
• Index
• EULA