Nano- and Biomaterials

Compounds, Properties, Characterization, and Applications

Zhypargul Abdullaeva

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN:
  9783527342709
• Edition: 1
• eBook ISBN:
  9783527807031
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Materials Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

A comprehensive introduction to nano- and biomaterials shining light on the different research disciplines from various perspectives.
The straightforward and well-structured concept is designed to cater for entrants as well as experienced researchers in the field of nanotechnology. The initial chapters introduce nanomaterials, their classification and synthesis techniques, while subsequent chapters discuss the various characterization tools as well as mechanical properties and their applications in biotechnological and biomedical fields. Further understanding of the topic is supported by case studies used for practical purposes. The book concludes with a look at future technology advances.
With its explanation of a wide variety of materials, this is an essential reference for chemists, physicists, materials scientists and biomedical engineers.

Chapter 1
Introduction into Nano- and Biomaterials

Translated materials from the original work of Ryzhonkov, D.I., Levina, V.V., Dzidziguri, E.L. were used in this chapter.

There is no substitute to hard work….

Thomas Edison, inventor (1847–1931)

1.1 Definition of Nano- and Biomaterials

Nano (from Greek, nannos), meaning dwarf, is one billionth of or 10⁻⁹ part of a thing, for example, 1 nm = 10⁻⁹ m. Nanomaterials consist of nanostructured materials and nanoparticles, which can be defined as nano-sized complexes of interrelated atoms and/or molecules. Nanotechnology is defined as the knowledge and management of processes on a scale from 1 to 100 nm and application of object properties on a nanometer scale. Significant works in nanotechnology started in 1980. Definition for the term nanotechnology was given for the first time by Norio Taniguchi, a professor of Tokyo University, in 1974 in his paper Basic concepts of Nanotechnology, which mentioned “Nanotechnology mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule.”

Biomaterials can be defined as “materials intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, or replace any tissue, organ or function of the body” [1] or “any synthetic material which is used to replace part of a living system or to function in intimate contact with the living tissue [2].”

1.2 History of Nano- and Biomaterials Application

Nanomaterials and biomaterials are important because of their primal and initial applications, which date back to ancient times and the Middle Ages, when glassblowers insensibly used nanotechnology. They added gold chloride (AuCl₃) to melted glass to change its color to ruby. Thousands of years BC, people knew and used natural fabrics such as cotton, silk and flax, and wool [3]. The Romans had the Lycurgus Cup during the fourth century AD (Anno Domino), which comprises silver and gold nanoparticles at a ratio of roughly 7 : 3, with a diameter size of 70 nm, as disclosed by modern analytic methods. The cup demonstrates a unique color display because of the presence of these metal nanoparticles. It appears green when observed in reflected light, for instance, in daylight, but turns red when light is propagated through it, which is now in the British museum. Historical applications of biomaterials include the use of linen threads by ancient Egyptians to close wounds. Europeans used a fiber made from catgut to close the wounds during the Middle Ages 4000 years ago. Inca surgeons repaired cranial fractures with gold plates in neurosurgery. Mayans used sea shells to create an artificial teeth. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a number of physicians began to explore the way in which the body reacted to implanted materials. After World War II, observations began to demonstrate the tolerance of the human body to some metals in vivo. Physician Harold Ridley who worked with World War II aviators had noticed that pieces of shattered cockpit canopies inadvertently embedded in the eyes of pilots were well tolerated; thus, he made the 1st formal assessment of “biocompatibility.” Later he created implantable intraocular lenses from polymethylmetacrylate [1].

1.3 Methods for Preparing of Nanomaterials

Recently, a huge number of methods for nanomaterial preparation were developed, which led to a variety of nanomaterial properties and expanded the ranges of nanomaterial classes with the creation of a new and unique materials. The formation of high-dispersive structures might happen during phase changes, chemical interactions, recrystallization, amorphization, high mechanical stress, and biological synthesis. Improvement of primary methods for nanomaterials syntheses defined the main requirements such as:

• Method should provide control of composition and properties for obtaining of nanomaterials.
• Method should provide permanent stability of nanomaterials, principal protection of particle surfaces against oxidation and sintering during synthesis.
• Method should be highly productive and economical.
• Method should allow acquisition of nanomaterials with definite sizes or grains.

Basically, preparation of nanomaterials can be divided into up-bottom and bottom-up processes, which are based on crushing and integration, respectively. These processes are essential for nanomaterials syntheses, especially of mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Mechanical dispersion methods are based on the interaction between pressure, curve, vibration, friction, and cavitation processes. Physical methods for nanomaterial syntheses are based on physical transformations: evaporation, condensation, sublimation, hardening, thermocycling, and so on. Chemical methods are based on chemical dispersion process, chemical reaction, electrolysis, reduction, and thermal decomposition. Biological methods for nanomaterials syntheses are based on the use of biochemical processes in the protein-containing body.

1.3.1 Mechanical Dispersion Methods for Nanomaterial Synthesis

Most mechanical dispersion methods involve mechanical milling, intensive plastic deformation, and mechanical interactions between various mediums.

Mechanical milling is determined by local mechanical interactions appearing in the strain field of the given material. Due to locality and impulsivity in the area of dispersing material, loads can be focused for a short time and cause formation of particle defects, stacking faults, deformations, and cracks. Finally, milling of materials will occur, as well as acceleration of mass transfer, mixing of components in material, and activation of chemical interactions between solid reagent compounds. Mechanical milling or grinding is conducted by using of various equipment such as vibration mills (Figure 1.1), ball mills, hygroscopic mills, attrition mills (Figure 1.2), vortex mills (Figure 1.3), and jet mills.

Figure 1.1 Scheme of vibration mill for nanomaterial preparation (reproduced with permission of BKL Publishers).

Figure 1.2 Scheme of attrition milling device for nanomaterial pre...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1: Introduction into Nano- and Biomaterials
• Chapter 2: Classification of Nanomaterials
• Chapter 3: Nanocomposite Materials and Their Physical Property Features
• Chapter 4: Mechanical Characteristics of Dispersive Systems
• Chapter 5: Physical Properties of Nanomaterials: Graphene
• Chapter 6: Chemical Properties and Mechanical Characteristics of Nanomaterial Characterization Tools in Nanotechnology
• Chapter 7: Introduction to Biomaterials
• Chapter 8: Properties of Biomaterials
• Chapter 9: Implants and Artificial Organs
• Chapter 10: Tissue Engineering, Scaffolds, and 3D Bioprinting
• Index
• End User License Agreement