Electric Distribution Systems

Abdelhay A. Sallam, Om P. Malik

• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9781119509318
• eBook ISBN: 9781119509325
• Edition: 2
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Power Resources
• Index: Technology & Engineering

A comprehensive review of the theory and practice for designing, operating, and optimizing electric distribution systems, revised and updated

Now in its second edition, Electric Distribution Systems has been revised and updated and continues to provide a two-tiered approach for designing, installing, and managing effective and efficient electric distribution systems. With an emphasis on both the practical and theoretical approaches, the text is a guide to the underlying theory and concepts and provides a resource for applying that knowledge to problem solving. The authors—noted experts in the field—explain the analytical tools and techniques essential for designing and operating electric distribution systems. In addition, the authors reinforce the theories and practical information presented with real-world examples as well as hundreds of clear illustrations and photos.

This essential resource contains the information needed to design electric distribution systems that meet the requirements of specific loads, cities, and zones. The authors also show how to recognize and quickly respond to problems that may occur during system operations, as well as revealing how to improve the performance of electric distribution systems with effective system automation and monitoring. This updated edition:

• Contains new information about recent developments in the field particularly in regard to renewable energy generation

• Clarifies the perspective of various aspects relating to protection schemes and accompanying equipment

• Includes illustrative descriptions of a variety of distributed energy sources and their integration with distribution systems

• Explains the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, various types of energy storage systems and the role they play to improve power quality, stability, and reliability

Written for engineers in electric utilities, regulators, and consultants working with electric distribution systems planning and projects, the second edition of Electric Distribution Systems offers an updated text to both the theoretical underpinnings and practical applications of electrical distribution systems.

PART I
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction and Background

A distribution system is the interface between the electricity generator and the electricity consumer. To achieve a good understanding of the electric distribution system, a very broad description of the electric power system structure is given first. It is followed by a general description of the main concepts and components of electric distribution systems so that the reader can get acquainted with the appropriate background and obtain an appreciation of where the distribution system fits in the context of the overall structure of the power system. Detailed description of the various aspects, structure and components of the distribution systems is given in the subsequent chapters. Some of the more recent developments in the evolution of the distribution systems are also included in the last part of the book.

1.2 Power System Structure

A power system contains all electric equipment necessary for supplying the consumers with electric energy. This equipment includes generators, transformers (step-up and step-down), transmission lines, subtransmission lines, cables, switchgear [1]. As shown in Figure 1.1, the power system is divided into three main parts. The first part is the generation system in which the electricity is produced in power plants owned by an electric utility or an independent supplier. The generated power is at the generation voltage level. The voltage is increased by using step-up power transformers to transmit the power over long distances under the most economical condition. The second part is the transmission system that is responsible for the delivery of power to load centers through cables or overhead transmission lines. The transmitted power is at extra-high voltage (EHV) (transmission network) or high voltage (HV) (subtransmission network). The third part is the distribution system, where the voltage is stepped down at the substations to the medium voltage (MV) level. The power is transmitted through the distribution lines (or cables) to the local substations (distribution transformers) at which the voltage is reduced to the consumer level and the power lines of the local utility or distribution company carry electricity to homes or commercial establishments.

Figure 1.1 Electricity supply system [2].

The physical representation given in Figure 1.1 needs to be expressed by a schematic diagram adequate for analyzing the system. This is done by drawing a single-line-diagram (SLD) as shown in Figure 1.2. This figure illustrates two power systems connected together by using tie-links as they exist in real practice to increase system reliability and decrease the probability of load loss. The voltage values shown in this figure are in accordance with the standards of North American power systems.

Figure 1.2 A typical electric supply system single-line diagram. CB = circuit breaker; N.O. = normal open.

Each system contains generators delivering power at generation voltage level, say 13.8 kV. By using step-up-transformers, the voltage is stepped up to ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Part I: Fundamental Concepts
• Part II: Protection and Switchgear
• Part III: Power Quality
• Part IV: Management and Automation
• Part V: Distributed Energy Resources and Microgrids
• Appendix A: Data of Microgrid Components
• Appendix B: Matlab Simulink Models
• References
• Index
• IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
• Wiley End User License Agreement