Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems

Ali Keyhani

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2019
• ISBN:
  9781119573340
• Edition: 3
• Topic: Physical Sciences
• Subtopic: Energy

The Updated Third Edition Provides a Systems Approach to Sustainable Green Energy Production and Contains Analytical Tools for the Design of Renewable Microgrids

The revised third edition of Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems integrates three areas of electrical engineering: power systems, power electronics, and electric energy conversion systems. The book also addresses the fundamental design of wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy microgrids as part of smart-bulk power-grid systems.

In order to demystify the complexity of the integrated approach, the author first presents the basic concepts, and then explores a simulation test bed in MATLAB® in order to use these concepts to solve a basic problem in the development of smart grid energy system. Each chapter offers a problem of integration and describes why it is important. Then the mathematical model of the problem is formulated, and the solution steps are outlined. This step is followed by developing a MATLAB® simula­tion test bed. This important book:

• Reviews the basic principles underlying power systems
• Explores topics including: AC/DC rectifiers, DC/AC inverters, DC/DC converters, and pulse width modulation (PWM) methods
• Describes the fundamental concepts in the design and operation of smart grid power grids
• Supplementary material includes a solutions manual and PowerPoint presentations for instructors

Written for undergraduate and graduate students in electric power systems engineering, researchers, and industry professionals, the revised third edition of Design of Smart Power Grid Renewable Energy Systems is a guide to the fundamental concepts of power grid integration on microgrids of green energy sources.

CHAPTER 1
ENERGY AND CIVILIZATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION: MOTIVATION

Energy technology plays a central role in societal, economic, and social development. Fossil fuel‐based technologies have advanced our quality of life, but at the same time, these advancements have come at a very high price. Fossil fuel sources of energy are the primary cause of environmental pollution and degradation; they have irreversibly destroyed aspects of our environment. Global warming is a result of our fossil fuel consumption. For example, the fish in our lakes and rivers are contaminated with mercury, a byproduct of rapid industrialization. The processing and use of fossil fuels have escalated public health costs: Our health care dollars have been and are being spent on treating environmental pollution‐related health problems, such as black lung disease in coal miners. Our relentless search for and need to control these valuable resources have promoted political strife. We are now dependent on an energy source that is unsustainable as our energy needs grow and we deplete our limited resources. As petroleum supplies dwindle, it will become increasingly urgent to find energy alternatives that are sustainable as well as safe for the environment and humanity.

1.2 FOSSIL FUEL

Fossil fuels—oil, natural gas, and coal—formed in Earth around 300 million years ago. Over millions of years, the decomposition of flora and fauna remains that lived in the world’s oceans produced the first oil. As the oceans receded, these remains were covered by layers of sand and earth and were subjected to severe climate changes: the Ice Age, volcanic eruption, and drought burying them even deeper in the Earth’s crust and closer to the Earth’s core. From the intense heat and pressure, the remains essentially were boiled into the oil. If you check the word, “petroleum” in a dictionary, you find it means “rock oil” or “oil from the earth.”

The ancient Sumerians, Assyrians, Persians, and Babylonians found oil at the bank of the Karun and Euphrates rivers as it seeped above ground. Historically, humans have used oil for many purposes. The ancient Persians and Egyptians used liquid oil as a medicine for wounds. The Zoroastrians of Iran made their fire temples on top of percolating oil from the ground. Native Americans used oil to seal their canoes.

Up to the fifteenth century, history of humanity’s energy use was limited. Regardless we can project the impact of energy on early civilizations from artifacts and monuments. The legacy of our oldest societies and their use of energy in the form of wood, wood charcoal, wind, and water power can be seen in the pyramids of Egypt, the Parthenon in Greece, the Persepolis in Iran, the Great Wall of China, and the Taj Mahal in India.

1.3 ENERGY USE AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

Figure 1.1 depicts the approximate time needed to develop various energy sources. Coal, oil, and natural gas fuels take millions of years to form. The oil that is consumed today was created more than a million years ago in the Earth’s crust. Our first energy source was wood. Then wood charcoal and coal replaced wood, and oil began to replace some of our coal usages to the point that oil and gas now supply most of our energy needs.

Figure 1.1 The approximate time required for the production of various energy sources.

Since the Industrial Revolution, we have used coal. Since 1800, for approximately 200 years, we have been using oil. However, our first energy source was wood and wood charcoal, which we used to cook food. Recorded history shows that humanity has been using wood energy for 10,000 years. In the near future we will exhaust oil and gas reserves. Oil and gas are not renewable: we must conserve energy and save our oil—and gas as well. Figure 1.2 depicts the world’s oil production (consumption) from 1965 to 2000 and estimated from 2005 to 2009.

Figure 1.2 The world’s oil production (consumption) from 1965 to 2000 and estimated from 2005 to 2009.

Source: Based on Figure TS.2 from Solomon et al.

US oil production peaked around 1970. However, by using the fracking technology, oil production in the United States has rapidly increased (Section 1.14). Europe’s oil production is limited except for the North Sea oil reserve; it depends entirely on oil production from other parts ...