Handbook of Renewable Materials for Coloration and Finishing

Mohd Yusuf

• Publisher: Wiley-Scrivener
• Year: 2018
• Print ISBN: 9781119407751
• eBook ISBN: 9781119407867
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Biological Sciences
• Subtopic: Biotechnology
• Index: Biological Sciences

The purpose of this unique handbook is to provide reference material that includes basic principles and current developments in the field of natural coloration and finishing.

A sustainable world requires the utilization of renewable materials or resources that can be produced in huge quantities for a wide range of applications. To adopt the use of active materials for textile coloration and finishing, they should reach the technical demands of the modern world such as eco-preservation, economic and ecological requirements by which, equity and sustainability might be considered. Therefore, there is a need to discuss and understand the challenges and solutions of textile coloration and functional finishing methodologies.

The 20 chapters comprising the Handbook of Renewable Materials for Coloration and Finishing are divided into four segments: Substrates for Coloration and Finishing; Renewable Colorants and their Applications; Advanced Materials and Technologies for Coloration; and Finishing and Sustainability.

Part I contains three chapters that overview the systematic discussion on the suitability, physical, chemical and processing aspects of substrates for coloration and finishing. Part II includes nine chapters and covers in-depth arguments on renewable colorants and their various applications including a chapter on bio-colorant's application as photosensitizers for dye sensitized solar cells. Part III contains five chapters in which modern advancements and processing methods/technologies for coloration and functional finishing are presented comprehensively. Part IV contains two chapters that provide sustainable aspects of coloration and finishing.

PART I
SUBSTRATES FOR COLORATION AND FINISHING

Chapter 1
Introduction to Textile Fibers: An Overview

Mohd Shabbira* and Faqeer Mohammad

Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

^*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Basic molecular units or the monomeric units of macromolecules or polymers decide the characteristic features of them. Textile fiber is a material mainly made from natural or synthetic sources. The fibers are transformed to make various products such as yarns, knitted, woven or nonwoven fabrics, and carpets. A growing textile industry is always in search of new materials, whether these are the resources of textile fibers or the other functional materials. Textile fibers can be obtained naturally from animals and various parts of plants, while a lot of synthetic or semi-synthetic textile fibers are being produced in the laboratories that are developed at industrial scale later. This chapter highlights the various kinds of textile fibers, concisely.

Keywords: Textile, Fibers, Polymers, Materials

1.1 Introduction

Textile fibers have been utilized to make clothes for several thousand years. Wool, flax, cotton, and silk were commonly used textile fibers. Textile fibers are characterized by their several value added virtues such as flexibility, fineness, and large length in relation to the maximum transverse dimension. In general, evolution of human being is thought about behavioral and mind strength changes, but it is also accompanied with the understanding of clothing on the basis of availability of resources and protection against environmental changes. Now clothing has been considered as second basic need of mankind after food. Present scenario of the world demands not only the protection of human body but also the comfortness via clothing [1]. Textile fibers have been discovered or developed from natural resources in the starting and with scientific growth, the synthetic fibers. These have been utilized to develop textiles of various characteristics such as wool for thermoregulation, silk for shining colors, cotton for softness, and bamboo fiber textiles for antimicrobial characteristics [2, 3]. First manufactured fiber was produced commercially on 1885 and was produced from fibers of plants and animals. Since from the past, there are many types of textile fibers that have been used or developed in textile production such as cloth, rope, household etc. [2, 3, 4, 5]. This chapter is all about concise overview of the classification of textile fibers.

1.2 Classification

Textile fibers can be classified on different basis; depending on their chemical structures, resources, and their production methods.

On the basis of their origin, textile fibers are classified into three categories, which can be further classified in to several groups (Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.1 Classification of textile fibers on the basis of their origin.

Figure 1.2 Broad categorization of textile fibers.

1.2.1 Natural fibers

Textile fibers obtained from plants and animals fall into this category.

Wool and silk are the examples of natural fibers obtained from animals (sheep and silkworm). These fibers are protein based with respect to their chemical structure (Figure 1.3). Amino acids are the repeating units in their chemical structure. Wool fibers are well known for their characteristics such as heat insulation, fire resistance, and high dyeability. Another protein fiber silk also have some peculiar characteristics such as smoothness, light reflection and anti-crease [6, 7].

Figure 1.3 Chemical structure of protein fibers.

A range of natural fibers are produced from plant parts (Figure 1.4), such as cotton (seed hairs), flex and hemp (stem fibers), sisal (leaf fibers), husk fibers and coir (coconut). These fibers have their specific characteristics and exclusively utilized for them, such as cotton is used for the summer clothing for its comfort on human skin. Many of them are used for ropes, mattresses, geo-textiles other than clothing [8, 9, 10].

Figure 1.4 Chemical structure of cellulosic fibers.

1.2.2 Synthetic Fibers

These fibers are synthesized in laboratories via chemical reactions of precursor molecules (Figure 1.5).

Figure 1.5 Chemical structure of synthetic fibers.

Polyesters (poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET), poly-butylene succinate (PBS), and poly lactic acid (PLA)) are the synthetic fibers that have ester linkage in between their monomeric units.

Nylon is a synthetic fiber like polyester derived from petrochemicals. It is a versatile fiber and used for various kinds of applications such as stockings and parachutes, carpets, packaging and even car parts. Nylons are a group of materials called polyamides. Nylon is also not much suited to natural dyes and some chemical dyes, so need high efforts for coloration.

Acrylic fibers are also a type of synthetic fibers made from a polymer polyacrylonitrile with an average molecular weight of ~100,000, about 1900 monomer units. Acrylic is lightweight, soft, and warm, with a woollike feel [11, 12, 13].

1.2.3 Semi-Synthetic Fibers

Rayon is an artificial textile material composed of reconstituted or regenerated cellulose compounds. It has polymer chain structure fro...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Preface
• Part I: Substrates for Coloration and Finishing
• Part II: Renewable Colorants and Their Applications: A Revolutionary Approach
• Part III: Advanced Materials and Technologies for Coloration and Finishing
• Part IV: Sustainability
• Index
• Wiley End User License Agreement