Bioceramics and Biocomposites

From Research to Clinical Practice

Iulian Antoniac

• Publisher: Wiley-American Ceramic Society
• Year: 2019
• Print ISBN: 9781119049340
• eBook ISBN: 9781119372141
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Biomedical Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Provides comprehensive coverage of the research into and clinical uses of bioceramics and biocomposites

Developments related to bioceramics and biocomposites appear to be one the most dynamic areas in the field of biomaterials, with multiple applications in tissue engineering and medical devices. This book covers the basic science and engineering of bioceramics and biocomposites for applications in dentistry and orthopedics, as well as the state-of-the-art aspects of biofabrication techniques, tissue engineering, remodeling, and regeneration of bone tissue. It also provides insight into the use of bionanomaterials to create new functionalities when interfaced with biological molecules or structures.

Featuring contributions from leading experts in the field, Bioceramics and Biocomposites: From Research to Use in Clinical Practice offers complete coverage of everything from extending the concept of hemopoietic and stromal niches, to the evolution of bioceramic-based scaffolds. It looks at perspectives on and trends in bioceramics in endodontics, and discusses the influence of newer biomaterials use on the structuring of the clinician's attitude in dental practice or in orthopedic surgery. The book also covers such topics as biofabrication techniques for bioceramics and biocomposites; glass ceramics: calcium phosphate coatings; brain drug delivery bone substitutes; and much more.

• Presents the biggest trends in bioceramics and biocomposites relating to medical devices and tissue engineering products
• Systematically presents new information about bioceramics and biocomposites, developing diagnostics and improving treatments and their influence on the clinicians' approaches
• Describes how to use these biomaterials to create new functionalities when interfaced with biological molecules or structures
• Offers a range of applications in clinical practice, including bone tissue engineering, remodeling, and regeneration
• Delineates essential requirements for resorbable bioceramics
• Discusses clinical results obtained in dental and orthopedic applications

Bioceramics and Biocomposites: From Research to Use in Clinical Practice is an excellent resource for biomaterials scientists and engineers, bioengineers, materials scientists, and engineers. It will also benefit mechanical engineers and biochemists who work with biomaterials scientists.

1
Multifunctionalized Ferri‐liposomes for Hyperthermia Induced Glioma Targeting and Brain Drug Delivery

Di Shi¹Gujie Mi¹ and Thomas J. Webster^1,2

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

²Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Blood–brain Barrier

1.1.1.1 What is the Blood–brain Barrier (BBB)?

The discovery of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) traces back to more than 100 years ago [1,2]. However, it was not until the 1960s when electron microscopes became available in medical research that the endothelial cells and the actual BBB were observed and confirmed [3]. Compared to “ordinary” endothelial cells that line blood vessels in the rest of the body, endothelial cells in the brain microvessels exhibit highly extensive tight junctions and thus lower endocytosis or transcytosis activities more than peripheral endothelial cells [3,4]. Besides the existence of the tight junctions, the endothelial cells in the BBB are distinct from the peripheral endothelial cells by processing much fewer pinocytic vesicles, producing high electrical resistance for over 0.1 Ω m and the absence of fenestration [5]. In addition, what also makes them distinguishable from peripheral endothelial cells is that several cytoplasmic adaptors are enriched at the BBB [6].

Generally, there are three different transport systems for compounds to pass through the BBB. Nutrients (such as glucose and amino acids) are transported by transport proteins, while larger molecules including insulin and iron transferrin are carried by receptor‐mediated endocytosis or transcytosis [7]. The other transcytosis is called adsorptive‐mediated transcytosis, which helps albumin and other native plasma protein transportation by cationization [5,8]. While it is worth mentioning that since more than 98% of hydrophilic agents, including polar drugs, are blocked by tight junctions, most of the central nervous system (CNS) drugs penetrate the BBB using either transcellular lipophilic pathways or one of the transportation routes (Table 1.1 and Figure 1.1).

Table 1.1 Nutrient transportation pathways in the BBB.

Pathways	Paracellular or transcellular	Molecules being transported	Available for drug delivery
Hydrophilic pathway	Paracellular	Water‐soluble small molecules (water, ethanol)	No
Lipophilic pathway	Transcellular	Lipid‐soluble small molecules (caffeine)	Yes
Transport proteins	Transcellular	Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, fatty acids	Yes
Receptor‐mediated transcytosis	Transcellular	Insulin, tranferin	Yes
Adsorptive‐mediated transcytosis	Transcellular	Plasma proteins (albumin)	Yes

Figure 1.1 Transportation pathways across the BBB.

Source: Abbott et al. 2006 [9]. Adapted with permission of Springer Nature.

Together with these highly selective tight junctions and transcellular transportation pathways, the brain endothelial cells scrupulously regulate brain homeostasis and the microenvironment, and limit the penetration of a majority of the microorganisms and compounds including potentially toxic compounds that circulate in the blood [4,9].

1.1.1.2 The BBB Formation and Composition

The basic building blocks of the BBB are formed by endothelial cells surrounded by the basal lamina (not shown in Figure) and are attached by pericytes, astrocyte endfeet, and neurons (Figure 1.2) [10]. As seen from Figure 1.5, the basement membrane of capillaries in the BBB are ensheathed with astrocyte end‐feet and are attached by pericytes, which for larger blood vessels (such as arteries and veins), will be replaced by a continuous layer of smooth muscle [12]. It is a consensus that all of the components in the BBB are important for stability and daily functions and among them endothelial cells and astrocytes are the most important building blocks.

Figure 1.2 Cellular components of the blood–brain barrier (cross‐section view).

1.1.1.3 Endothelial Cell and Tight Junctions

Endothelial cells of the capillaries continuously envelop the inner surface of the blood vessel and act as the first wall facing the circulating blood in the brain. As mentioned previously, this active interface shows several unique features not only as an endothelium, such as highly controlled paracellular and transcellular pathways, but also shows a high value of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of 1500–2000 Ω cm² compared to less than 30 Ω cm² in other tissues [13,14].

TEER is a typical and straightforward method being used to assess the tightness of the BBB both in vivo and in vitro, since the tightness of the BBB is correlated to the flux of all the ions th...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• List of Contributors
• 1 Multifunctionalized Ferri‐liposomes for Hyperthermia Induced Glioma Targeting and Brain Drug Delivery
• 2 Biofabrication Techniques for Ceramics and Composite Bone Scaffolds
• 3 Developments in Hydrogel‐based Scaffolds and Bioceramics for Bone Regeneration
• 4 Zirconia‐Based Composites for Biomedical Applications
• 5 Bioceramics Derived from Marble and Sea Shells as Potential Bone Substitution Materials
• 6 Bioglasses and Glass‐Ceramics in the Na2O–CaO–MgO–SiO2–P2O5–CaF2 System
• 7 Electrical Functionalization and Fabrication of Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Coatings
• 8 Bioactive Micro‐arc Calcium Phosphate Coatings on Nanostructured and Ultrafine‐Grained Bioinert Metals and Alloys
• 9 Engineering of Bioceramics‐Based Scaffold and Its Clinical Applications in Dentistry
• 10 Bioceramics in Endodontics
• 11 Extending the Concept of Hemopoietic and Stromal Niches as an Approach to Regenerative Medicine
• 12 Experimental and Pilot Clinical Study of Different Tissue‐Engineered Bone Grafts Based on Calcium Phosphate, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, and Adipose‐Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction
• 13 Bone Substitutes in Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery
• Index
• End User License Agreement