Biosurfaces

A Materials Science and Engineering Perspective

Kantesh Balani, Vivek Verma, Arvind Agarwal, Roger Narayan

• Publisher: Wiley-American Ceramic Society
• Year: 2015
• Print ISBN: 9781118299975
• eBook ISBN: 9781118950647
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Physical & Theoretical Chemistry
• Index: Technology & Engineering

Ideal as a graduate textbook, this title is aimed at helping design effective biomaterials, taking into account the complex interactions that occur at the interface when a synthetic material is inserted into a living system. Surface reactivity, biochemistry, substrates, cleaning, preparation, and coatings are presented, with numerous case studies and applications throughout.

Highlights include:

• Starts with concepts and works up to real-life applications such as implantable devices, medical devices, prosthetics, and drug delivery technology
• Addresses surface reactivity, requirements for surface coating, cleaning and preparation techniques, and characterization
• Discusses the biological response to coatings
• Addresses biomaterial-tissue interaction
• Incorporates nanomechanical properties and processing strategies

1
Introduction to Biomaterials

Aditi Pandey, Rajeev Kumar Sharma and Kantesh Balani

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomaterials Characterization and Processing Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

1.1 Introduction

“Any substance (other than drugs) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body” is known as a biomaterial [1]. In a broad sense, biomaterials are inert materials, synthetic or natural, designed to replace a particular part of a system or a specific body function.

The nineteenth century brought an advent of biomaterials in the field of medicine and health care. The applications of biomaterials encompass the perspectives of biology, medicine, and materials science and engineering, as shown in Fig. 1.1. From selection and processing of biomaterials, to their selective characterization and inferences from their interaction with the living system, all require a synergistic blend of biomaterials science and engineering. The interdisciplinary nature of biomaterials science and engineering (Fig. 1.1) demands the convergence of science and technology, exploring the existence of well-designed structure and function of products, which have found important applications in biomedical areas. The never-ending innovative motivation of researchers in mimicking the nature and the day-to-day needs and desires of common people has contributed immensely to the development of most advanced level biomaterials. These include biomaterials being used in replacing body parts, facilitating healing, correcting functional anomalies/deviations, and designing of devices used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Figure 1.1 Applications of biomaterials.

Table 1.1 summarizes the role of biomaterials at the organ and system level. These evidences of newer technology biomaterials clearly state their relevance and usefulness in serving mankind. With such a pronounced breakthrough in the field of biomaterials and engineering, there would be an epoch introducing the development of almost all of the body parts made up of biomaterials that can replace an entire human body.

Table 1.1 Role of Biomaterials at Organ and System Level [2–4]

System	Organ/Site of action	Application
Skeletal	Bones	Bone plate, intramedullary rods, bone cement, joint replacement, prostheses, artificial tendon and ligament, and dental implant for tooth fixation
Muscular	Muscles	Sutures and muscle stimulator
Circulatory	Heart	Artificial heart valve, artificial hip joint, blood vessels, blood vessel prosthesis, cardiac pacemaker, total artificial heart, and heart–lung machine
Respiratory	Lungs	Oxygenator machine, heart–lung machine, tracheal implants, and tracheotomy tubes
Integumentary	Skin	Sutures, burn dressings, artificial skin, and skin repair template
Urinary	Kidney and bladder	Kidney dialysis machine, catheter, stent, and artificial kidney (hemodialyzer)
Nervous and sensory	Brain and spinal cord	Hydrocephalus drain, cardiac pacemaker, nerve stimulator, cochlear replacement, intraocular lens, contact lens, and corneal bandage
Endocrine	Endocrine glands	Microencapsulated pancreatic islet cells
Reproductive	Reproductive organs	Augmentation mammoplasty and other cosmetic replacements

A diagrammatic representation of cell–material interaction in vitro, as shown in Fig. 1.2, presents the receptor ligand binding between the cell and biomaterial. A material can be declared an implant biomaterial depending on certain material properties, as illustrated in Fig. 1.3. Some of the highlighted properties include physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological, which add up together to form a suitable material for implant use.

Figure 1.2 Cell–material interaction.

Figure 1.3 Schematic showing the major properties as indicated by the block arrows add up to give rise to the material with perfect properties to be called as an implant.

One of the most important properties of a biomaterial to be used as an implant is its biocompatibility. Biocompatibility is the property of a biomaterial that does not elicit any adverse systemic (or host) response after implantation and does not lose its functional property at the same time. Thus, the normal functioning of the organ is not restricted in any manner. However, these requirements, along with non-toxicity and non-carcinogenicity, limit the ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Foreword
• Preface
• Contributors
• Chapter 1: Introduction to Biomaterials
• Chapter 2: Tissue Interaction with Biomaterials
• Chapter 3: Host Response of Implanted Biomaterials
• Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Surface Modification
• Chapter 5: Multi-Length Scale Hierarchy in Natural Materials
• Chapter 6: Superhydrophobic Surfaces
• Chapter 7: Surface Engineering and Modification for Biomedical Applications
• Chapter 8: Laser Engineering of Surface Structures
• Chapter 9: Processing and Nanomechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite-Nanotube Biocomposite
• Chapter 10: Applications of Biomaterials
• Chapter 11: Nanosafety, Nanosocietal, and Nanoethical Issues
• A1 Physical, Thermal, And Mechanical Properties Of Polymers
• A2 Corrosion Behavior of Metals
• Index
• End User License Agreement