From Additive Manufacturing to 3D/4D Printing 3

Breakthrough Innovations: Programmable Material, 4D Printing and Bio-printing

Jean-Claude André

• Publisher: Wiley-ISTE
• Year: 2017
• Print ISBN: 9781786302328
• eBook ISBN: 9781119482765
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Business
• Subtopic: Accounting
• Index: Business

With a turnover of some 5-15 billion € / year, the additive manufacturing has industrial niches bearers thanks to processes and materials more and more optimized. While some niches still exist on the application of additive techniques in traditional fields (from jewelery to food for example), several trends emerge, using new concepts: collective production, realization of objects at once (without addition Of material), micro-fluidic, 4D printing exploiting programmable materials and materials, bio-printing, etc. There are both opportunities for new markets, promises not envisaged less than 10 years ago, but difficulties in reaching them.

PART 1
Programmable Smart/Intelligent Matter and 4D Printing

Introduction to Part 1

“Although we are positioned to see things from the perspective of intelligent objects, we should first observe that the significant is still distinctive whilst the intelligible is always universal”. (Aristotle, cited by Nadeau [NAD 16])

“The development of 3D printing technology falls within the post-industrial framework looking towards the functionality economy. The digital economy amplifies this trend”. [GHI 16]

“Two ways to reach the ‘truth’ are:

1. 1) Non-explicability consisting in saying that the object in question is too complex and based on what we know today, it will never be possible for us to master;
2. 2) Intelligibility by creating a given ‘relay’ concept. This pushes the question further back (e.g. the existence of God). This is the occurrence of vitalism introduced by Woodger in 1929”. [BUN 03]

“Paradigm shifts make scientists, within their particular sphere of research, see everything differently. To the extent that they only have access to the world through which they see, we may be led to say that after a revolution, scientists are reacting to a different world”. [KUH 62]

“Far from equilibrium, the irreversible processes are a source for consistency. The appearance of this coherent activity around matter – the ‘dissipative structures’ – impose upon us a fresh look, and a new way of positioning ourselves in relation to the system which we define and manipulate. Whilst equilibrium and quasi-equilibrium exist, the behavior of the system is, for a sufficiently long time, entirely determined by boundary conditions; we will henceforth acknowledge a certain level of autonomy. This enables us to speak of structures which are far from equilibrium such as ‘self-organization’ phenomena”. [PRI 09]

“The ‘principle of scale relativity’ postulates that the fundamental laws of nature should be valid, whatever the ‘scale status’ for the system of reference. It is relationships of scale alone which have a given direction, never an absolute scale. Such a concept is also imposed as a fundamental principle which enables ‘compelling the description of a non-differentiable space–time relationship’”. [CHA 12]

“The pessimist sees the difficulty in each opportunity; the optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty”. [LEM 17]

“There is nothing more dangerous than an idea when it is simply an idea”. [ALA 69]

“Those who tell you that the only alternative is to slow down are impostors. To slow down, it is indeed necessary to use a given level of energy which counteracts the given acceleration of time”. [SMA 11]

“Without talent, ingeniousness or curiosity, neither chance nor necessity suffices to produce innovation”. [FOR 02]

“Behavior is motivation when passed through the filter of opportunity”. [SHI 11]

“Transgressing the boundaries between disciplines [is] a subversive undertaking as it has every chance of ignoring the so-called havens of commonly accepted ways of thinking”. (Greenberg cited by Staune [STA 15])

“Imagine that an excess of scientific and technological innovation is the solution: this amounts to a desire to run ever faster so as not to fall over”. [CÉR 17]

“The present metamorphosis marks the beginning of a new era, and it is not just law that it almost reformulates. Beyond a production technique, 3D printing is a paradigm shift which impacts upon product design, product creation and product consumption and the business models which flow from them” [CHA 16] … It is envisaged that we will expand upon this dynamic here by widening the dimension of the field covered: going from 3D to reach the fourth dimension! The discussion is in fact important because it evokes a possible transformation of how we produce objects without needing to assemble components that are manufactured separately. “Each product might ultimately be capable of self-assembly and implementation within extreme environments may be facilitated by the use of “Programmable Matter”. Programmable materials which build themselves thus make the use of assembly plants and heavy installation procedures superfluous. Robotization, at the crux of twentieth century productivity gains, would thus be integrated into the products themselves”. [GUI 14]

Kupiec and Sonigo [KUP 00] pose the issue of producing simple forms from clay. They introduce a Lamarckian principle in which the material is placed in ad hoc molds. Any foundry worker might produce these (whether from metal or polymers). They evoke Darwinian thinking with a paste that would change shape continuously, spontaneously, and by a process of natural selection or production by the bench scientist. The point is that we would have to wait for the appearance of the desired form (we do not know when this would happen). “Here the result does not pre-exist [unlike the mold]. These transformations are decided on by a given cause… which does not relate to the particular result and may stabilize another given form”. In this section, we are in an in-between phase. This involves the creation of a given object and spatial, temporal and operational evolutions, to varying degrees.

The idea of self-organization was introduced succinctly in the first volume concerning additive manufacturing research pushed to its limits. By the process of making matter intelligent (see the concept introduced 20–30 years ago by Alain Le Méhauté), it is possible to create 3D artifacts which may be considered to be interfaces between an “internal” environment, the smart substance and the organization of the artifact itself, and an external environment. In principle, the aim of this is controlled by the engineer. “Although the internal environment is adapted to the external environment or vice versa, the artifact will follow the assigned goals” ...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Table of Contents
• Title
• Copyright
• Acknowledgments
• Foreword
• Preface
• Introduction
• PART 1: Programmable Smart/Intelligent Matter and 4D Printing
• PART 2: Live “Smart” Matter and (Bio-printing)
• Conclusion
• Postface
• Index
• End User License Agreement