Understanding the Gut Microbiota
Gerald W. Tannock
- English
- ePUB (mobile friendly)
- Available on iOS & Android
Understanding the Gut Microbiota
Gerald W. Tannock
About This Book
This book discusses the community of microbial species (the microbiota, microbiome), which inhabits the large bowel of humans. Written from the perspective of an academic who has been familiar with the topic for 40 years, it provides a long-term perspective of knowledge about this high profile and fast-moving topic. Building on general ecological principles, the book aims to help the reader to understand how the microbiota is formed, how it works, and what the consequences are to humans.
Understanding the Gut Microbiota focuses on conceptual progress made from studies of the human bowel microbiota. Where appropriate, it draws on knowledge obtained from other animal species to provide conceptual enlightenment, but this is essentially a book about humans and their bowel microbes. Particular research approaches are recommended to fill knowledge gaps so that fundamental ecological theory and information about the microbiota can be translated into benefits for human health. The relationship between food for humans and resulting food for bowel bacteria emerges as an important topic for consideration.
This concise scholarly treatise of the microbiota of the human bowel will be of great interest and use as a text and reference work for professionals, teachers and students across a wide range of disciplines, including the health sciences, general biology, and food science and technology. The provision of handy 'explanation of terms' means that those with a general interest in science can also read the book with enjoyment.
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Research on the indigenous intestinal microbiota of man was initiated well before the end of the 19th Century. The work continued at a slow but steady pace throughout the first half of the 20th Century. Findings from the effort had little impact on medicine and other aspects of human biology, however, until the 6th decade of the 20th Century. During that decade, research in the area was begun by eight groups of investigators, each of which was led by one or two senior scientists with great experimental talent, creativity and foresight. Their findings added new dimension to knowledge of the microbiota and initiated an explosion of interest in research in the field that has continued to the present day. The research of the groups during the 1960's is described in this review as a tribute to the senior scientists who had such critical impact on this important field of study.
- B. S. Drasar and colleagues (UK).9 The association of bowel bacteria with certain diseases, the role of pH and peristalsis as regulatory factors in bowel ecology.
- RenĂ© Dubos, Russell Schaedler, Dwayne Savage, and colleagues (USA).10, 11 Development of probably the first specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mouse colony, culture of previously unknown gut bacteria, impact of gut commensals on host physiology, association of bacteria with gut surfaces, a âmicrobial ecologicalâ view of the gut ecosystem (symbiosis, biological succession).
- Sherwood Gorbach and colleagues (USA).12 Sampling gastric and small-bowel contents, culture of commensals from these sites, investigation of diarrheal diseases, proponent of probiotics.
- Bengt Gustaffson, Tore Midvedt, and colleagues (Sweden).13 Gnotobiotic animal experiments, description of physiological and anatomical differences between germfree and conventional animals, the microbiota as âthe most cell-rich biochemically active organâ of the human body.
- Helmut Haenel and colleagues (German Democratic Republic).14 Culture-dependent studies of the fecal microbiota in childhood.
- Tomotari Mitsuoka and colleagues (Japan).15 Innovative culture methods for anaerobic bacteria, comparisons of microbiota composition in humans and other animals, changes in microbiota composition with respect to aging.
- Pierre Raibaud, Robert Ducluzeau, and colleagues (France).16 Innovative culture-dependent studies of commensal bacteria, gnotobiotic animal experimentation involving defined mixtures of cultivated bacterial species, the fecal microbiota in early life.
- H. Williams Smith (UK).17 Comparative acquisition of the gut microbiota of farm animals using culture-dependent methods, relative abundances of bacterial groups present in various levels of the gastrointestinal tract.
- The microbiota of healthy adult humans is composed of bacteria that are able to live anaerobically.
- Hundreds of bacterial species make up the fecal microbiota; a small proportion of the inhabitants of the bowel are Archaea that produce methane.
- The distal small and large bowels contain diverse and abundant bacterial species.
- Transient bacteria ingested with food and inhabitants of the upper digestive tract can be detected in feces along with the colonic microbiota members.
- The colonic microbiota contains trillions of bacterial cells.
- The microbiota contributes to about 50% of fecal mass.
- A biological (ecological) succession occurs in the bowel during early life.
- Some commensals are associated with the mucus covering the bowel epithelium, at least in some animal species and conditions.
- The microbiota is regulated by host-associated factors ...