Advanced Electrical and Electronics Materials

Processes and Applications

K. M. Gupta, Nishu Gupta, Ashutosh Tiwari

• Publisher: Wiley-Scrivener
• Year: 2015
• Print ISBN:
  9781118998359
• Edition: 1
• eBook ISBN:
  9781118998571
• Topic: Technology & Engineering
• Subtopic: Materials Science
• Index: Technology & Engineering

This comprehensive and unique book is intended to cover the vast and fast-growing field of electrical and electronic materials and their engineering in accordance with modern developments. Basic and pre-requisite information has been included for easy transition to more complex topics. Latest developments in various fields of materials and their sciences/engineering, processing and applications have been included. Latest topics like PLZT, vacuum as insulator, fiber-optics, high temperature superconductors, smart materials, ferromagnetic semiconductors etc. are covered. Illustrations and examples encompass different engineering disciplines such as robotics, electrical, mechanical, electronics, instrumentation and control, computer, and their inter-disciplinary branches. A variety of materials ranging from iridium to garnets, microelectronics, micro alloys to memory devices, left-handed materials, advanced and futuristic materials are described in detail.

Chapter 1
General Introduction to Electrical and Electronic Materials

1.1 Importance of Materials

Use of materials is an indispensible requirement for the development of engineering and technology. They provide the basis for manufacturing, fabrication, operations, and constructions etc. It may be the construction of a building, manufacturing of a machine, generation of electricity, transmission of message from one place to another, or control instruments; they all make use of some materials. These materials are of different natures viz., R.C.C. (reinforced cement concrete), steel and iron, copper and aluminium, mica and rubber, alloy and glass etc.

Depending upon the areas in which they are used, the materials may be known as

1. Civil engineering materials,
2. Electrical engineering materials,
3. Mechanical engineering materials,
4. Electronics engineering materials,
5. Nuclear engineering materials, and
6. Computer engineering materials etc.

These days, most materials find inter-disciplinary uses. It, therefore, becomes difficult to conceive as to which material belongs to which category. As an illustration, we take the example of aluminium. It is generally known as a mechanical engineering material but it finds use in electrical engineering also as a conductor; is used in electronics engineering for doping of intrinsic semiconductors; is used in metallurgical engineering as an alloying element; is used in civil engineering for decorative items. These are inter-disciplinary uses. However, conventionally we call RCC as civil engineering material, insulator (e.g. mica) as electrical engineering material, metals as mechanical engineering materials, semiconductors as electronics engineering materials, uranium as nuclear engineering materials etc,

1.2 Importance of Electrical and Electronic Materials

Advancement of any engineering discipline is not possible without the development of materials suitable for appropriate uses. The development necessitates progress in the science: physics and chemistry, engineering and technology of the materials. Rapid advancement in electron-based computers, revolutionary changes in electronics engineering from vacuum valves to very large scale Integration (VLSI); developments of conducting polymers, ferroelectrics as a modern breed of dielectrics, and ferrites as a superb magnetic material (in addition to several other versatilities) are some illustrations which are the outcome of developments in electrical materials technology.

Further advancement in electrical, electronics, computers, and instrumentation fields are likely to be in the form of whisker-based fibre optics, light-based computers, high temperature superconductors etc. But dreams of these futuristic advances will become a reality only after achieving a breakthrough in certain materials properties. Most likely the 21st century will see the high voltage transmission through hair- sized conducting wires, the hybrid magnets of more than 100 T (tesla) capacities, the magnetic refrigerators operating well above 100 K (kelvin), and hybrid crystals (e.g. Hg-Cd-Te) serving as sensor elements.

Smart materials, ferrites, ferroelectrics, g...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Dedication
• Preface
• Acknowledgement
• About the Authors
• Abbreviations
• Chapter 1: General Introduction to Electrical and Electronic Materials
• Chapter 2: Atomic Models, Bonding in Solids, Crystal Geometry, and Miller Indices
• Chapter 3: Solid Structures, Characterization of Materials, Crystal Imperfections, and Mechanical Properties of Materials
• Chapter 4: Conductive Materials: Electron Theories, Properties and Behaviour
• Chapter 5: Conductive Materials: Types and Applications
• Chapter 6: Semiconducting Materials: Properties and Behaviour
• Chapter 7: Semiconducting Materials: Types and Applications
• Chapter 8: Semiconducting Materials: Processing and Devices
• Chapter 9: Dielectric Materials: Properties and Behaviour
• Chapter 10: Dielectric Materials: Types and Applications
• Chapter 11: Magnetic Materials: Properties and Behaviour
• Chapter 12: Magnetic Materials: Types and Applications
• Chapter 13: Superconductive Materials
• Chapter 14: Passive Components (Resistors)
• Chapter 15: Passive Components (Capacitors)
• Chapter 16: Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Fabrication
• Chapter 17: Optical Properties of Materials, and Materials for Opto-Electronic Devices
• Chapter 18: Specific Materials for Electrical, Electronics, Computers, Instruments, Robotics, and Other Applications
• Chapter 19: Recent Advances and Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronic Materials
• Appendix I: SI Prefixes of Multiples and Submultiples
• Appendix II: Greek Alphabet
• Appendix III: Conventions to be Followed While Using SI UNIT
• Appendix IV: Physical Constants
• Appendix V: Conversion Factors
• Glossary of Terminologies
• References
• Answers to Numerical Questions
• Answers to Objective Questions
• Index
• End User License Agreement