Two-Dimensional and M-Mode Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner

June A. Boon

• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
• Year: 2016
• Print ISBN:
  9781119028536
• eBook ISBN:
  9781119028567
• Edition: 2
• Topic: Medicine
• Subtopic: Veterinary Medicine

Two-Dimensional and M-Mode Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner provides a concise, accessible manual of basic two-dimensional and m-mode echocardiography.  

• Offers fast access to practical advice on obtaining and evaluating echocardiograms using two-dimensional and m-mode techniques
• Provides easy reference to the common features of the most common acquired cardiac diseases
• Designed for ease of use, with concise, bulleted text and 165 images
• Presents updated generic and normalized reference ranges with a bibliography of breed specific reference articles
• Includes access to a website with video clips showing techniques and disease features

Chapter 1
The Basics

Echocardiographic Applications

• Evaluation of:
  • Valve morphology
  • Chamber sizes
  • Wall thickness
  • Myocardial function
  • Pericardial effusion

• Aid in the Diagnosis of:
  • Chronic valve disease
  • Endocarditis
  • Cardiomyopathies (hypertrophic, dilated, unclassified)
  • Pericardial effusions
  • Cardiac neoplasia
  • Pulmonary hypertension
  • Congenital heart disease

Some Indications for an Echocardiogram

• Coughing
• Exercise intolerance
• Arrhythmia
• Pulmonary edema
• Pulmonary congestion
• Collapse or syncope
• Murmurs
• Cyanosis
• Lethargy
• Weak pulses
• Radiographic evidence of heart enlargement

Figure 1.1 Heart Diagram. Diagram of the heart showing the chambers, valves and vessels of the heart. Flow through the heart is indicated. Note the relationships between the mitral valve and the aorta, and the pulmonary artery and the tricuspid valve. For details of abbreviations used in the figures, see the Glossary.

Figure 1.2 Canine lateral thoracic radiograph. This lateral radiograph shows the typical orientation of the dog's heart in the thorax. The triangle superimposed over this radiograph represents the sheet of sound coming from the transducer. Note that the transducer crystals need to be directed to the mid lumbar spine in order to create the long-axis image. Short-axis echocardiographic images of the heart have the sheet of sound oriented 90° to the long axis.

Figure 1.3 Canine lateral thoracic radiograph – deep-chested dog. This lateral radiograph shows the typical orientation of the dog's heart in the thorax when the dog has a deep chest, such as the Doberman Pinscher, Irish Wolfhound and the German Shepherd. The triangle superimposed over this radiograph represents the sheet of sound coming from the transducer. Because the heart is oriented more vertically in the thorax, the sheet of sound needs to be directed more to the tail than the mid lumbar spine, and the transducer needs to be located more cranially and dorsally to be in front of the heart. Short-axis echocardiographic images of the heart have the sheet of sound oriented 90° to the long axis.

Figure 1.4 Feline lateral thoracic radiograph. This lateral radiograph shows the typical orientation of the cat's heart in the thorax. Note that it is aligned more parallel to the sternum than the dog's heart. The triangle superimposed over this radiograph represents the sheet of sound coming from the transducer. The sheet of sound needs to be directed more towards the thoracolumbar junction than in the dog in order to create the long-axis image. Short-axis echocardiographic images of the heart have the sheet of sound oriented 90° to the long axis.

Cardiac Anatomy

Orientation of the Heart in the Thorax

How To

• Shaving (see Figures 1.5–1.6)
  • If the hair coat is thin enough to see the skin, shaving is not really necessary.
  • Most cats require shaving
  • If shaving is necessary
    • Shave from behind the front leg to about the sixth intercostal space on the right side, from the costochondral junction to the sternum.
  • Shave from behind the front leg at the costochondral junction to just past the last rib on the left side in a triangle shape.

Figu...

Table of contents

• Cover
• Series
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Preface
• About the Companion Website
• Chapter 1: The Basics
• Chapter 2: Knobology for the Echocardiogram: Improving Image Quality
• Chapter 3: Two-Dimensional Imaging Planes and Subjective Assessment
• Chapter 4: Imaging Planes: Technique in the Dog and Cat
• Chapter 5: M-Mode Echocardiography
• Chapter 6: Measurement and Assessment of Two-Dimensional and M-Mode Images
• Chapter 7: Echocardiographic Features of Common Acquired Heart Diseases
• Recommended Reading
• Glossary
• Index
• EULA