Advances in Water Desalination

Noam Lior

• Publisher: Wiley
• Year: 2012
• Print ISBN: 9780470054598
• eBook ISBN: 9781118347720
• Edition: 1
• Topic: Ciencias físicas
• Subtopic: Química orgánica

Desalination is a dynamically growing field with more research, more engineering, more applications, more countries, more people, and with more training programs. This book provides high quality invited reviews on progress in various aspects of the desalination field. It features comprehensive coverage of desalination science, technology, economics, markets, energy considerations, environmental impact, and more. It is a key guide for professionals and researchers in water desalination and related areas including chemical, mechanical, and civil engineers, chemists, materials scientists, manufacturers of desalination membranes, water reuse engineers, and water authorities, as well as students in these fields.

Chapter 1: Water Desalination Revisited in Changing Physical and Economic Environments

Yehia M. El-Sayed*

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Past and Present Desalination

1.1.2 The Emerged Concern

1.1.3 The Emerged Energy Analysis Methodologies

1.2 The Methodology Used in this Study

1.2.1 Improved Thermodynamic Analysis

1.2.1.1 The Exergy Function

1.2.2 Improved Costing Analysis

1.2.2.1 The Quantification of the Manufacturing and Operation Resources for a Device

1.2.2.2 Correlating the Manufacturing Resources of a Device in Terms of Thermodynamic Variables

1.2.3 Enhanced Optimization

1.2.3.1 Two Simplifying Assumptions

1.2.3.2 The Conditions of Device-by-Device Optimization

1.2.3.3 The Form of A_imin and D_i of a Device

1.2.3.4 Convergence to System Optimum

1.2.3.5 Optimization of System Devices by One Average Exergy Destruction Price

1.2.3.6 Global Decision Variables

1.3 The Scope of Analysis

1.3.1 Desalination Related to Physical and Economic Environments

1.3.2 The Systems Considered

1.4 The Analyzed Systems in Detail

1.4.1 Gas Turbine/Multistage Flash Distillation Cogeneration Systems

1.4.1.1 Flow Diagram

1.4.1.2 Major Features of the Results

1.4.2 The Simple Combined Cycle Systems

1.4.2.1 Flow Diagram

1.4.2.2 Major Features of the Results

1.4.3 Vapor Compression Systems Driven by the Figure 1.2 Simple Combined Cycle

1.4.3.1 Flow Diagrams

1.4.3.2 Major Features of the Results

1.4.4 Reverse Osmosis Desalination Systems Driven by the Figure 1.2 Simple Combined Cycle

1.4.4.1 Flow Diagrams

1.4.4.2 Major Features of the Results

1.4.5 Photovoltaic/Reverse-Osmosis (PV/RO) Solar Systems

1.4.5.1 Flow Diagram

1.4.5.2 Major Features of Results

1.4.6 Photovoltaic/Electrodialysis Solar System

1.4.6.1 Major Features of the Results

1.4.7 Osmosis Power Systems

1.4.7.1 Flow Diagram

1.4.7.2 Major Features of the Results

1.4.8 Future Competitiveness of Combined Desalination Systems

1.4.8.1 Prediction Criteria

1.4.8.2 Predicted Competitiveness

1.5 Recommended Research Directions

1.5.1 Avoiding CO₂ Emissions

1.5.2 Reducing CO₂ Emissions

1.5.3 Desalination of Zero Liquid Discharge

1.6 Conclusions

1.7 The Software Programs Developed by the Author for System Analysis

1.7.1 Four Programs Developed and Their Entries

1.7.2 Major Ingredients of Each Program

1.7.3 The Software

Appendix

1.A.1 Brief Description of the Thermodynamic Model of a System and the Design Models of Its Main Components

1.A.2 The Capital and Fuel Costing Equations of some common Devices (Tables Table 1.A.1 and Table 1.A.2)

1.A.1.1 Thermodynamic Model

1.A.1.2 Sample Design Models

1.A.3 Some Useful Forms of Flow Exergy Expressions

1.A.3.1 Equations

1.A.3.2 Balances

1.A.4 Theoretical Separation Work Extended to Zero Liquid Discharge

1.1 Introduction

The topic of water desalination is revisited because of the negative impact of the rising oil price index on the economic environment and the adverse effects of the increasing carbon footprint on the physical environment. In this introductory chapter, these negative factors are discussed with respect to their impact on past and present desalination methods. The impact of these factors on the design and operation practices of desalination and energy-intensive systems in general is highlighted. The energy analysis methodologies developed during the last two decades, including the methodology discussed in the present study, are summarized. General references on the subject matter are listed in the Further Reading section at the end of this chapter.

The software mentioned in this chapter may be downloaded at http://booksupport.wiley.com.

1.1.1 Past and Present Desalination

Interest in water desalination began in the late 1950s and early 1960s when the price of oil was only $3 per barrel (bl). A number of desalting processes and systems were considered that sought to minimize the cost of water production. For seawater, the leading methods were multistage flash distillation, vapor compression and freezing. Other processes, such as electrodialysis and reverse osmosis, lagged somewhat behind. Balancing the cost of the resources utilized in fueling a system and the resources utilized in making its devices favored moderate efficiency devices. For example, multistage flash distillation (MSF) in a cogeneration system used a maximum temperature of around 190°F (∼80°C) in 8–12 stages. Cost allocated to water was as low as $0.3/m³. Environmental constraints were virtually absent.

As the oil price index increased to $25/bl, the number of the stages of conventional MSF increased to about 20 and the cost allocated to water rose to about $1/m³. At the same time, the awareness and concern regarding increased CO₂ emissions also increased.

Present desalination methods are facing a continuing increase in oil prices and a conti...

Table of contents

• Cover
• bseries
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Preface
• Introduction to the Book Series Advances in Water Desalination
• About the Authors
• Chapter 1: Water Desalination Revisited in Changing Physical and Economic Environments
• Chapter 2: Environmental and Performance Aspects of Pretreatment and Desalination Technologies
• Chapter 3: Economic Aspects of Water Desalination
• Chapter 4: Advances in Hollow-Fiber Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Modules in Seawater Desalination
• Chapter 5: Adsorption–Desalination Cycle
• Chapter 6: Advanced Instrumentation, Measurement, Control, and Automation (IMCA) in Multistage Flash (MSF) and Reverse-Osmosis (RO) Water Desalination
• Index