Handbook of Microwave Component Measurements

with Advanced VNA Techniques

Joel P. Dunsmore

• Verlag: Wiley
• Jahr: 2020
• ISBN:
  9781119477129
• Auflage: 2
• Thema: Technology & Engineering
• Thema: Microwaves

Handbook of Microwave Component Measurements Second Edition is a fully updated, complete reference to this topic, focusing on the modern measurement tools, such as a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), gathering in one place all the concepts, formulas, and best practices of measurement science. It includes basic concepts in each chapter as well as appendices which provide all the detail needed to understand the science behind microwave measurements. The book offers an insight into the best practices for ascertaining the true nature of the device-under-test (DUT), optimizing the time to setup and measure, and to the greatest extent possible, remove the effects of the measuring equipment from that result. Furthermore, the author writes with a simplicity that is easily accessible to the student or new engineer, yet is thorough enough to provide details of measurement science for even the most advanced applications and researchers. This welcome new edition brings forward the most modern techniques used in industry today, and recognizes that more new techniques have developed since the first edition published in 2012. Whilst still focusing on the VNA, these techniques are also compatible with other vendor's advanced equipment, providing a comprehensive industry reference.

1
Introduction to Microwave Measurements

“To measure is to know.”¹ This is a book about the art and science of measuring microwave components. While this work is based entirely on science, there is some art in the process, and the terms skilled‐in‐the‐art and state‐of‐the‐art take on particular significance when viewing the task of measuring microwave components. The goal of this work is to provide the latest, state‐of‐the‐art methods and techniques for acquiring the optimum measurements of the myriad of microwave components. This goal naturally leads to the use of the vector network analyzer (VNA) as the principal test equipment, supported by the use of power meters, spectrum analyzers (SAs), signal sources and noise sources, impedance tuners, and other accessories.

Note here the careful use of the word optimum; this implies there are trade‐offs between the cost and complexity of the measurement system, the time or duration of the measurement, the analytically computed uncertainty and traceability, and some heretofore unknown intangibles that all affect the overall measurement. For the best possible measurement, ignoring any consequence of time or cost, one can often go to national standards laboratories to find these best methods, but they would not suit a practical or commercial application. Thus, here the attempt is to strike an optimum balance between minimal errors in the measurement and practical consequences of the measurement techniques. The true value of this book is in providing insight into the wide range of issues and troubles that one encounters in trying to carefully and correctly ascertain the characteristics of one's microwave component. The details have been gathered from decades of experience in hundreds of direct interactions with actual measurements; some problems are obvious and common, and others are subtle and rare. It is hoped that the reader can use this handbook to avoid many hours of unproductive test time.

For the most part, the mathematical derivations in this book are intended to provide the reader with a straightforward connection between the derived values and the underlying characteristics. In some cases, the derivation will be provided in full if it is not accessible from existing literature; in other cases, a reference to the derivation will be provided. There are extensive tables and figures, with key sections providing many of the important formulas. The mathematical level of this handbook is geared to a college senior or working engineer with the intention of providing the most useful formulas in an approachable way. As such, sums will be preferred to integrals; finite differences will be preferred to derivatives; and divs, grads, and curls will be entirely eschewed.

The chapters are intended to self‐standing for the most part. In many cases, there will be common material to many measurement types, such as the mathematical derivation of the parameters or the calibration and error‐correction methods, and these will be gathered in the introductory chapters, though well referenced in the measurement chapters. In some cases, older methods of historical interest are given (there are many volumes on these older techniques), but by and large only the most modern techniques are presented. The focus here is on the practical microwave engineer facing modern, practical problems.

1.1 Modern Measurement Process

Throughout the discussion of measurements, a six‐step procedure will be followed that applies to most measurement problems. When approaching a measurement, these steps are as follows:

• Pretest: This important first step is often ignored, resulting in meaningless measurements and wasted time. During the pretest, measurements of the device‐under‐test (DUT) are performed to coarsely determine some of its attributes. During pretest, it is also determined if the DUT is plugged in, turned on, and operating as expected. Many times the gain, match, or power handling is discovered to be different than expected, and much time and effort can be saved by finding this out early.
• Optimize: Once the coarse attributes of the device have been determined, the measurement parameters and measurement system can be optimized to give the best results for that particular device. This might include adding an attenuator to the measurement receivers, adding booster amplifiers to the source, or just changing the number of points in a measurement to capture the true response of the DUT. Depending upon the device's particular characteristic response relative to the system errors, different choices for calibration methods or calibration standards might be required.
• Calibrate: Many users will skip to this step, only to find that something in the setup does not provide the needed conditions and they must go back to the first step, retest, and optimize before recalibration. Calibration is the process of characterizing the measurement system so that systematic errors can be removed from the measurement result. This is not the same as obtaining a calibration ...